Power, trust, social exchange and community support

Nunkoo, Robin; Ramkissoon, Haywantee

doi:10.1016/j.annals.2011.11.017

Cited by 456 publications

(287 citation statements)

References 100 publications

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“…The event tourism benefits should be demonstrated and equitably distributed to local tourism businesses. Reed (1997) and Nunkoo and Ramkissoon (2012) pointed out that power disparities and concentration at the destination may inhibit positive effects of, and satisfaction with, cooperation. The event organizers should consult and engage more tourism businesses-particularly in the planning and marketing processes.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Although there is substantial research on the power held by different stakeholders within the context of an organization or a destination (Beritelli & Laesser, 2011;Marzano & Scott, 2009;Nunkoo & Ramkissoon, 2012), there is a paucity of work examining event stakeholders' power. Previous studies examine power networks among event stakeholders but do not examine the different kinds of power that stakeholders (Getz, 2002;Getz et al, 2007;Reid, 2011).…”

Section: Event Network Powersmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Tourism Events and the Nature of Stakeholder Power

Tiew¹,

Holmes²,

Bussy³

2015

Event Management

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This exploratory case study examines the power relations among the stakeholders of a tourism event in Borneo. It examines the sources of stakeholder power and the pattern of interdependence of various stakeholders, primarily based on interviews with event managers and stakeholders, as well as field visits. An analysis of the different types and amount of resource control, dependency, and network centrality resulted in four different categories of stakeholder power patterns—executive, asset based, referral, and diffuse stakeholders. The study also found that resource-based power was the primary source of power, whereas network-based power was a secondary and supplementary source. The case study revealed that the salience of event stakeholders based on their power was highly variable due to the different types of power that they had. This article contributes to the literature of event tourism, a typology of the event stakeholder powers in a predominately government-owned music festival, and offered practical suggestions to event management. It also advances the stakeholder power concept within event tourism studies.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Event Network Powersmentioning

confidence: 99%

Tourism Events and the Nature of Stakeholder Power

Tiew¹,

Holmes²,

Bussy³

2015

Event Management

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“…It has been found that resident attitudes to tourism are significantly influenced by personal and locational characteristics, by contact with tourists, length of residence, age, and language (Brougham & Butler, 1981). Studies on the reactions of residents to tourism have applied a range of theoretical perspectives, including social exchange theory, the perceived costs and benefits of a certain relationship, and their implications for the achievement of satisfying relationships (Ap, 1992;Nunkoo & Ramkissoon, 2012;Ward & Berno, 2011). Several empirical studies have explored social effects by applying Butler's (1980) theory -the Tourism Area Life Cycle (TALC).…”

Section: Social Sustainability and Tourismmentioning

confidence: 99%

Creating a scale for assessing socially sustainable tourism

Zhang

Fan

Tse

et al. 2016

Journal of Sustainable Tourism

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Abstract:As destinations absorb even increasing number of visitors, destination managers become progressively more concerned about the longer term viability of tourism from a resident's perspective. However, few studies have examined the application of real time social sustainability within tourism, particularly how to measure impacts on social sustainability. This study outlines the development of a valid and reliable scale -the Scale of Social Sustainability (SSS) -for tourism that provides an assessment of social sustainability in destination settings. A 10-step procedure was developed drawing upon the related literature. A telephone poll-based survey generated 1,839 valid responses from Hong Kong residents. Hong Kong's growing popularity as a destination provides a rich array of host-guest conflict situations. Dimensionality was identified using exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses. Construct validity, reliability, and stability were assessed, and found good, showing that the scale could be used by other destinations worldwide. The theoretical and managerial implications of the scale are discussed, including options for annual surveys giving policy makers alerts before situations worsen.Detailed host resident viewpoints, and the large scale of the survey can help local residents be informed about tourism development and better involved in the policy formation process.

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“…Studies would suggest that residents' attitudes towards impacts affects their support for such events (Ap, 1992;Cheng & Jarvis, 2010;Nunkoo & Ramkisson, 2012;Perdue, Long, & Allen,1990;Ward & Berno, 2011) and host communities question to what extent the benefits of hosting megaevents offsets the costs (Haxton, 1999). Strategies to accommodate mega-events, such as changing commuter behavior, create complex indirect effects on both workers and the work place (Giuliano, 1992), as mega-event visitors share common location and similar travel times as the host population (Robbins, Dickinson, & Calver, 2007).…”

Section: This Project: Aims Objectives and Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…These represent opportunities that need to be gained by at least one of the participants in the exchange relationship. Rationality is concerned with the reward/ benefit that the actor envisages the event would as a result of the received experiences (Ap, 1992;Cheng & Jarvis, 2010;Haralambopoulos & Pizam, 1996;Nunkoo & Ramkisson, 2012;Pranic, Petric, & Cetinic, 2012;Waitt, 2003). The host population will view the event as either positive or negative depending on the expected benefits they will receive or costs that they will incur as a result of the level of service/effort they employ.…”

Section: Promotion Of Travel Advice To Businessesmentioning

confidence: 99%

The London Summer 2012 Olympic Games: Threat of Disruption and Business Reaction

Jones¹,

Woolley²,

Currie³

2015

Event Management

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The impact of and reaction to the disruption on transport created by mega-events on host communities and, in particular, businesses, is an underresearched area. Utilizing social exchange theory, this article examines the relationship between businesses and transport authorities in the implementation of the Travel Demand Management (TDM) strategy for the London Olympics 2012. This research identifies the mechanisms by which the authorities meet the specific antecedent conditions that impact on the exchange. This research is unusual as a qualitative approach is used to gain in-depth understanding of the impacts of mega-events on business and their attitudes to these antecedents. The theoretical contribution of this study is a model that depicts the decision-making processes by which businesses evaluate the exchange relationship. Results identify that there is a link between business typology, antecedent, and the level of engagement. The practical implications of the results and the limitations of the study are discussed with reference to future mega-events and research possibilities.

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Power, trust, social exchange and community support

Cited by 456 publications

References 100 publications

Tourism Events and the Nature of Stakeholder Power

Tourism Events and the Nature of Stakeholder Power

Creating a scale for assessing socially sustainable tourism

The London Summer 2012 Olympic Games: Threat of Disruption and Business Reaction

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