Practical clinical applications of 3-D printing in cardiovascular surgery

Atherosclerosis is an important cause of cardiovascular disease. The wall shear stress (WSS) is one of the key factors of plaque formation and dislodgement. Currently, WSS estimation is based on the measurement of the blood velocity gradient. However, due to the lack of flow field measurements in carotid stenosis vessels, the two distribution forms (parabolic and non-parabolic) commonly considered in numerical simulations could cause WSS estimates to differ by more than 40%, which could seriously affect the accuracy of mechanical analysis. This study applied three-dimensional (3D) printing technology to create an experimental model of real-structure carotid arteries. Microparticle image velocimetry was adopted to comprehensively measure blood velocity field data at the stenosis location, providing experimental validation of numerical simulation (Fluent; finite volume method) results. Then, the flow field was simulated at a normal human heart rate (45–120 beats per minute). The radial sectional velocity exhibited a plateau-like distribution with a similar velocity in the central region (more than 65% of the total channel width). This study provides an accurate understanding of the WSS at the carotid stenosis location and proposes a reliable method for the study of flow fields under various blood flow conditions.

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Study on the radial sectional velocity distribution and wall shear stress associated with carotid artery stenosis

Song

Zhu

Yang

et al. 2022

Physics of Fluids

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Research on the flow behavior of bio-ink inside the extrusion nozzle during printing

Wei,

An,

et al. 2024

Journal of Applied Physics

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Nozzle shape greatly affects the activity of cells and growth factors inside bio-ink, which is easy to be ignored. In this research, the finite element simulation software based on fluid dynamics theory was used to simulate the extrusion flow behavior of the bio-ink inside the printing needle. By establishing the flow models of two commonly used needles (cylindrical and conical needles), taking sodium alginate solution as bio-ink, the extrusion flow behavior of bio-ink inside the printing needle was simulated. Following, taking steady pressure, flow rate, and fluid shear stress as the research objectives, the response effects of nozzle geometry parameters, including shape, size, and feeding pressure, on the flow behavior of bio-ink were analyzed. Finally, a method based on the idea of integration for evaluating the cumulative damage to the active substances inside bio-ink has been proposed. Results show that the wall shear stress is the main stress suffered by bio-ink in the bio-printing process. Smaller inlet pressure and larger nozzle outlet diameter are beneficial for reducing wall shear stress. Compared with the cylindrical nozzle, although the maximum wall shear stress of the conical nozzle is higher than that of the cylindrical nozzle under the same inlet pressure and outlet nozzle diameter, the time of bio-ink subjected to the wall shear stress is shorter. The cumulative damage of the cylindrical nozzle is 29.65 Pa·s, and that of the conical nozzle is 18.25 Pa·s, which indicates that the conical nozzle has better biofriendliness and less damage to the active substance inside the bio-ink.

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Practical clinical applications of 3-D printing in cardiovascular surgery

Cited by 2 publications

References 20 publications

Study on the radial sectional velocity distribution and wall shear stress associated with carotid artery stenosis

Study on the radial sectional velocity distribution and wall shear stress associated with carotid artery stenosis

Research on the flow behavior of bio-ink inside the extrusion nozzle during printing

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