Practical Evaluation of Polymer Waveguides for High-Speed and Meter-Scale On-Board Optical Interconnects

Xu, Xiang; Ma, Lin; Immonen, Marika; Shi, Xinhong; Swatowski, Brandon W.; DeGroot, Jon V.; He, Zuyuan

doi:10.1109/jlt.2018.2847461

Cited by 22 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 24 publications

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“…Leading to increasing demands for data transmission bandwidth and rate [1]. Compared with traditional electrical interconnections, optical interconnections have advantages of low power consumption, large bandwidth and immunity to electromagnetic interference becoming an effective solution to overcome the bottleneck of electrical interconnections [2]. In the application of short and medium distance interconnection backplanes, polymer waveguides are widely used.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Fabrication and characterization of few mode S-shape optical waveguide at 1310 nm/1550 nm

Xu,

Pang,

Zhu

et al. 2023

Fourteenth International Conference on Information Optics and Photonics (CIOP 2023)

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Fabrication and characterization of few mode S-shape optical waveguide at 1310 nm/1550 nm

Xu,

Pang,

Zhu

et al. 2023

Fourteenth International Conference on Information Optics and Photonics (CIOP 2023)

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“…In order to satisfy the continuing increase in processing speed and capability of data centers, optical interconnects have attracted a lot of attentions because of their significant advantages like broad bandwidth, high density, low power consumption, and immunity to electromagnetic interference [1], [2]. Polymer waveguides have low processing, material cost and excellent compatibility with Si waveguide and fiber optics, and thus they are widely used in cost-effective and power-efficient applications [3], [4].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ultra-Compact Low Loss Polymer Wavelength (De)Multiplexer With Spot-Size Convertor Using Topology Optimization

Kuang

Shi

et al. 2021

IEEE Photonics J.

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Polymer waveguides are considered to be good candidates for optical interconnects application due to their advantages such as flexibility, good compatibility, and versatility for realizing 3D and micro structures. However, constrained by the limited degrees of freedom provided by templatebased design approaches, there lacks a satisfying solution which achieves small footprint and low loss simultaneously. Inverse design has been proposed to improve the performance. However, most inverse design methods target at silicon-based optical devices optimization which has a relatively high refractive index difference. In this paper, we demonstrate an ultra-compact low loss polymer wavelength (de)multiplexer with spot-size conversion structure to interposing Si and optical fiber using gradient-based topology optimization and downhill simplex method. The 2-channel wavelength (de)multiplexer displays an excess propagation loss of 0.84 dB and 1.06 dB at 1310 nm and 1550 nm, respectively, with a total footprint of 245 × 35 µm 2 . The 4-channel wavelength (de)multiplexer for coarse wavelength division multiplexing applications with 20 nm spacing (1270, 1290, 1310, and 1330 nm) with an excess waveguide propagation loss of 1.72 dB within 271 × 50 µm 2 has also been demonstrated and all the output ports of the polymer wavelength demultiplexing structure achieved a conversion efficiency over 90%.

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“…Dow Performance Silicones and its partners have recently demonstrated waveguides based on silicone resins for use as chip-to-chip interconnects. − Silicones are well suited as a material for optical waveguides because they are highly processable, exhibit low intrinsic optical loss, and are thermally stable under solder reflow conditions. During development work on these waveguides, changes in process conditions were found to result in changes in crossing loss, and this was hypothesized to be related to a change in the refractive index gradient either across the waveguide core or at the core/clad interface.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Semiquantitative Atomic Force Microscopy-Infrared Spectroscopy Analysis of Chemical Gradients in Silicone Optical Waveguides

Beebe

Swatowski

Weidner

et al. 2020

ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces

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Crossing losses in silicone optical waveguides are related to the magnitude and spatial extent of the waveguide refractive index gradient. When processing conditions are altered, the refractive index gradient can vary substantially, even when the formulation remains constant. Controlling the refractive index gradient requires control of the concentration of small molecules present within the core and clad layers. Developing a fundamental understanding of how small molecule migration drives changes in crossing loss requires the ability to examine chemical functionality over small length scales, which is a natural fit for atomic force microscopy-infrared spectroscopy (AFM-IR). In this work, AFM-IR spectra from model bilayer stacks are initially examined to understand molecular migration that occurs from heating the core and clad layers. The results of these model studies are then applied to photopatterned waveguide builds, where structure–function relationships are constructed between values of crossing loss and the concentration of C–H and O–H functionalities present in the core and clad layers. Results show that small molecule evaporation and migration are competing processes that need to be controlled to minimize crossing loss.

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Practical Evaluation of Polymer Waveguides for High-Speed and Meter-Scale On-Board Optical Interconnects

Cited by 22 publications

References 24 publications

Fabrication and characterization of few mode S-shape optical waveguide at 1310 nm/1550 nm

Fabrication and characterization of few mode S-shape optical waveguide at 1310 nm/1550 nm

Ultra-Compact Low Loss Polymer Wavelength (De)Multiplexer With Spot-Size Convertor Using Topology Optimization

Semiquantitative Atomic Force Microscopy-Infrared Spectroscopy Analysis of Chemical Gradients in Silicone Optical Waveguides

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