Practical quantification of the effects of flow stress, friction, microstructural properties, and the tribological environment on macro- and micro-structure formation during hot forging

Razali, Mohd Kaswandee; Kim, Seong Wan; Irani, Missam; Kim, Min Cheol; Joun, Man Soo

doi:10.1016/j.triboint.2021.107226

Cited by 9 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 46 publications

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“…The FE prediction of the AGS over time was verified based on the test results on SA508-III steel that were found in the literature [1]. The prediction accuracy improved significantly when the optimal values were utilized in consideration of the heating temperature sensitivity [28][29][30][31]. This study simplifies, and thus enhances the practicality of, AGG research, thereby allowing AGS to be predicted with greater accuracy.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 69%

Practical Approach for Determining Material Parameters When Predicting Austenite Grain Growth under Isothermal Heat Treatment

Razali,

Abd Ghawi,

Irani

et al. 2023

Materials

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An investigation of austenite grain growth (AGG) during the isothermal heat treatment of low-alloy steel is conducted. The goal is to uncover the effect of time, temperature, and initial grain size on SA508-III steel grain growth. Understanding this relationship enables the optimization of the time and temperature of the heat treatment to achieve the desired grain size in the studied steel. A modified Arrhenius model is used to model austenite grain size (AGS) growth distributions. With this model, it is possible to predict how grain size will change depending on heat treatment conditions. Then, the generalized reduced gradient (GRG) optimization method is employed under adiabatic conditions to characterize the model’s parameters, providing a more precise solution than traditional methods. With optimal model parameters, predicted AGS agree well with measured values. The model shows that AGS increases faster as temperature and time increase. Similarly, grain size grows directly in proportion to the initial grain size. The optimized parameters are then applied to a practical case study with a similar specimen size and material properties, demonstrating that our approach can efficiently and accurately predict AGS growth via GRG optimization.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 69%

Practical Approach for Determining Material Parameters When Predicting Austenite Grain Growth under Isothermal Heat Treatment

Razali,

Abd Ghawi,

Irani

et al. 2023

Materials

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“…When the simple compression test is employed to obtain the flow stress, we can obtain reliable flow stress only at the relatively low strain due to the strain non-homogeneity inherently occurring in the solid cylinder compression test. The authors believe, based on experience, that the reliable strain limit of this test is near or less than 0.5 because of the frictional effect and high sensitivity of the plastic deformation region to the stress state [36], even though Hering et al suggested a larger strain limit of 0.7 for this test.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 84%

A Review of Flow Characterization of Metallic Materials in the Cold Forming Temperature Range and Its Major Issues

et al. 2022

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We focus on the importance of accurately describing the flow behaviors of metallic materials to be cold formed; we refer to several valuable examples. We review the typical experimental methods by which flow curves are obtained, in addition to several combined experimental-numerical methods. The characteristics of four fundamental flow models including the Ludwik, Voce, Hollomon, and Swift models are explored in detail. We classify all flow models in the literature into three groups, including the Ludwik and Voce families, and blends thereof. We review the experimental and numerical methods used to optimize the flow curves. Representative flow models are compared via tensile testing, with a focus on the necking point and pre- or post-necking strain hardening. Several closed-form function models employed for the non-isothermal analyses of cold metal forming are also examined. The traditional bilinear C-m model and derivatives thereof are used to describe the complicated flow behaviors of metallic materials at cold forming temperatures, particularly in terms of their applications to metal forming simulations and process optimization.

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“…Torres et al [26] concluded that a higher applied load at high temperatures could lead to higher wear rates for the steels. Stott et al [27] studied the effects of load on wear-protective layers during sliding at elevated temperatures, and the results showed that the layers were broken down, leading to enhanced wear damage, particularly at higher loads at 550 and 600 • C. Additionally, Razali et al [28] used a combination of numerical and experimental methods to reveal the relationship between tribological conditions and microstructural evolution. In addition, Lee et al [29] used similar methods that revealed that the friction coefficient suddenly changes at critical surface strain, and the lubricant film loses its function when the surface strain of the material exceeds the critical surface strain.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Friction and Wear Behaviors of Fe-19Cr-15Mn-0.66N Steel at High Temperature

et al. 2021

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The friction and wear behaviors of Fe-19Cr-15Mn-0.66N steel were investigated under applied loads of 5 N and 15 N at the wear-testing temperatures of 300 °C and 500 °C using a ball-on-disc tribometer. The wear tracks were evaluated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and laser scanning confocal microscopy (LSCM) to reveal the variation in morphologies. Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) were used to determine the components of oxide layers formed on wear surfaces. The results demonstrated that the oxide layers are favorable for obtaining a low friction coefficient under all conditions. The average friction coefficient decreased with increasing load at 300 °C, while it increased with the increase in applied load at 500 °C. At 300 °C, severe abrasive wear characterized by grooves resulted in a high friction coefficient with 5 N applied, whereas the formation of a denser oxide layer consisting of Cr2O3, FeCr2O4, Fe2O3, etc., and the increased hardness caused by work hardening led to a decrease in friction characterized by mild adhesive wear. At 500 °C, the transformation of Fe2O3 to the relatively softer Fe3O4 and the high production of lubricating Mn2O3 resulted in a minimum average friction coefficient (0.34) when 5 N was applied. However, the softening caused by high temperature weakened the hardening effect, and thus the friction coefficient increased with 15 N applied at 500 °C.

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Practical quantification of the effects of flow stress, friction, microstructural properties, and the tribological environment on macro- and micro-structure formation during hot forging

Cited by 9 publications

References 46 publications

Practical Approach for Determining Material Parameters When Predicting Austenite Grain Growth under Isothermal Heat Treatment

Practical Approach for Determining Material Parameters When Predicting Austenite Grain Growth under Isothermal Heat Treatment

A Review of Flow Characterization of Metallic Materials in the Cold Forming Temperature Range and Its Major Issues

Friction and Wear Behaviors of Fe-19Cr-15Mn-0.66N Steel at High Temperature

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