Pre-hypertension and hypertension in college students in Kuwait: A neglected issue

Abstract

Objective:To determine the proportion of pre-hypertension and hypertension in college students in Kuwait and their related risk factors.Materials and Methods:A total of 803, randomly selected students aged 17 to 23 years (346 male, 457 female) from different colleges in Kuwait, were included in the study between 2009 and 2010. Systolic and diastolic blood pressure measurements were taken by trained personnel. Pre-hypertension was defined as systolic pressure between 120 and 139 mm Hg or diastolic pressure between 80 and 89 mm Hg. Risk factor measurements that were determined, included smoking, body mass index (BMI), and family history of hypertension. Blood samples were collected and impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) and lipid profile levels were determined.Results:There were no hypotensive students. Normotensives constituted 53.5% (n = 430), pre-hypertensives formed 39.5% (n = 317), and hypertensive students comprised of 7% (n = 56). The overall proportions of hypertension and pre-hypertension were higher among male students (85.7 and 64.4%) than female students (14.3 and 35.6%), respectively. Hypertensive and pre-hypertensive students versus normotensive students had significantly higher levels of BMI-based obesity, smoking, glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c), and IGT. Also, hypertensive and pre-hypertensive, compared to normotensive students, had significantly higher proportions (21.4, 18.3, and 4.0%, respectively) of risky high-density lipoprotein (HDL) level (< 1 mg / dL), cholesterol (7.1, 3.8, and 1.4%, respectively), and triglycerides (TG) (17.9, 9.1, and 7.9%, respectively) where p was< 0.001, 0.016, and 0.051, respectively.Conclusion:Hypertensive and pre-hypertensive students showed elevated levels of lipids and BMI-based obesity more than normotensive students. TG, HDL, HbA1c, and cholesterol appeared to influence pre-hypertension.

Prevalence of pre hypertension and its association to risk factors for cardiovascular diseases among male undergraduate students in Chennai

“…Similar findings were observed by Hana T. Al-Majed et al among male college students in Kuwait, 16 Balami Ad et al among Public University Students in Malaysia, 11 and Shobha S Shetty et al among medical students in coastal Karnataka 12 and Azza Mohamed Sarry El-Din et al 13 In contrast Pengpid S et al had reported among students of the University of the PhilippinesVisayas prevalence of pre hypertensive and hypertensive were 36.1% and 6.6% respectively among male students. 17 Meta-analysis of Twenty-six articles, 20 crosssectional and 6 longitudinal studies by Xiaofan Guo et al showed the pooled prevalence of pre hypertension among males was 40 percent.…”

“…In contrast Hana T. Al-Majed et al reported among lower prevalence of pre-hypertensive (17.4%), and hypertensive (17.9%), among smokers. 16 Das et al 23 reported higher prevalence of hypertension among smokers (58.6%) than nonsmokers (5.3%). Our study odds ratio of 1.13 and 1.687 was noted pre hypertension and hypertension among smokers.…”

Prevalence of hypertension and its associated risk factors in young adults attending a tertiary care institute of Nagpur: a cross sectional study

“…[22][23][24][25][26][27][28] Similar studies conducted by Al Majed et al and Kanade et al found higher prevalence in this age group. 29,30 The National Health and Nutrition Survey for the year 2012-2013 reports that the prevalence of hypertension in young adults of United States to be 7.3%, this prevalence is also lower than our study. 15 These statistics indicate that there is higher burden among developing countries like India.…”

“…But, studies conducted by Kini et al, Yilmazel et al, Al Majed et al, Samara Simha et al and Grotto I et al inferred with similar results, but in these studies the outcome variable was pre hypertension. 29,[31][32][33][34] After logistic analysis, age and overweight category were found to be independent risk factors associated with hypertension. Similar inferences were found by Papathanasiou et al and Bruno et al 23,25 Some studies conducted on pre hypertension as the outcome variable also found similar results.…”

Mudanças em comportamentos relacionados à saúde e indicadores metabólicos em universitários entre 2011 e 2014

“…O fenômeno de alterações bruscas nessas variáveis no primeiro ano de curso foi nomeado de Freshman 15, em referência a aproximadamente 15 libras de aumento da massa dos estudantes em relação ao primeiro ano universitário ao decorrer do curso 27 . Sobre a PAS e PAD, não é comum na literatura verificar altos valores da pressão arterial de estudantes, que possam indicar risco, devido, principalmente, a idade baixa dessa população 28,29 . Entretanto, 9,0% (PAS) e 6% (PAD) da variância da pressão arterial foi explicada pelo período de formação.…”