The Kathmandu Valley
in Nepal experiences poor air quality, especially
in the dry winter season. In this study, we investigated the concentration,
chemical composition, and sources of fine and coarse particulate matter
(PM2.5, PM10, and PM10–2.5) at three sites within or near the Kathmandu Valley during the winter
of 2018 as part of the second Nepal Ambient Monitoring and Source
Testing Experiment (NAMaSTE 2). Daily PM2.5 concentrations
were very high throughout the study period, ranging 72–149
μg m–3 at the urban Ratnapark site in Kathmandu,
88–161 μg m–3 at the suburban Lalitpur
site, and 40–74 μg m–3 at rural Dhulikhel
on the eastern rim of the Kathmandu Valley. Meanwhile, PM10 ranged 194–309, 174–377, and 64–131 μg
m–3, respectively. At the Ratnapark site, crustal
materials from resuspended soil contributed an average of 11% of PM2.5 and 34% of PM10. PM2.5 was largely
comprised of organic carbon (OC, 28–30% by mass) and elemental
carbon (EC, 10–14% by mass). As determined by chemical mass
balance source apportionment modeling, major PM2.5 OC sources
were garbage burning (15–21%), biomass burning (10–17%),
and fossil fuel (14–26%). Secondary organic aerosol (SOA) contributions
from aromatic volatile organic compounds (13–23% OC) were larger
than those from isoprene (0.3–0.5%), monoterpenes (0.9–1.4%),
and sesquiterpenes (3.6–4.4%). Nitro-monoaromatic compoundsof
interest due to their light-absorbing properties and toxicityindicate
the presence of biomass burning-derived SOA. Knowledge of primary
and secondary PM sources can facilitate air quality management in
this region.