Prebiotic protects against anatase titanium dioxide nanoparticles-induced microbiota-mediated colonic barrier defects

Li, Xiaobo; Zhang, Yanshu; Li, Bin; Cui, Jian; Gao, Na; Sun, Hao; Meng, Qingtao; Wu, Shenshen; Bo, Jianzhu; Yan, Licheng; Wu, Jiong; Chen, Rui

doi:10.1016/j.impact.2019.100164

Cited by 25 publications

(22 citation statements)

References 27 publications

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“…(2019), Li et al. (2019), Zhang et al. (2020) and Chen et al.…”

Section: Assessmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A number of studies, considered to be reliable by the Panel, have examined or included analyses of GIT microbiota changes in response to oral exposure to E 171 (Pinget et al, 2019), TiO 2 NPs (Li et al, 2019;Yan et al, 2020) and TiO 2 NPs < 30 nm (Li et al, 2018;Chen et al, 2019Chen et al, , 2020aZhang et al, 2020;Zhao et al, 2020). Detailed description of references Li et al (2018), Pinget et al (2019), Chen et al (2019), Li et al (2019), Zhang et al (2020) and Chen et al (2020a), investigating also other relevant endpoints, are available in Appendix H.…”

Section: Gut Microbiotamentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A number of studies, considered to be reliable by the Panel, have examined or included analyses of GIT microbiota changes in response to oral exposure to E 171 (Pinget et al., 2019), TiO 2 NPs (Li et al., 2019; Yan et al., 2020) and TiO 2 NPs < 30 nm (Li et al., 2018; Chen et al., 2019, 2020a; Zhang et al., 2020; Zhao et al., 2020). Detailed description of references Li et al.…”

Section: Assessmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Safety assessment of titanium dioxide (E171) as a food additive

Flavourings¹,

Younes²,

Aquilina³

et al. 2021

EFS2

131

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The present opinion deals with an updated safety assessment of the food additive titanium dioxide (E 171) based on new relevant scientific evidence considered by the Panel to be reliable, including data obtained with TiO 2 nanoparticles ( NP s) and data from an extended one‐generation reproductive toxicity ( EOGRT ) study. Less than 50% of constituent particles by number in E 171 have a minimum external dimension < 100 nm. In addition, the Panel noted that constituent particles < 30 nm amounted to less than 1% of particles by number. The Panel therefore considered that studies with TiO 2 NP s < 30 nm were of limited relevance to the safety assessment of E 171. The Panel concluded that although gastrointestinal absorption of TiO 2 particles is low, they may accumulate in the body. Studies on general and organ toxicity did not indicate adverse effects with either E 171 up to a dose of 1,000 mg/kg body weight (bw) per day or with TiO 2 NP s (> 30 nm) up to the highest dose tested of 100 mg/kg bw per day. No effects on reproductive and developmental toxicity were observed up to a dose of 1,000 mg E 171/kg bw per day, the highest dose tested in the EOGRT study. However, observations of potential immunotoxicity and inflammation with E 171 and potential neurotoxicity with TiO 2 NP s, together with the potential induction of aberrant crypt foci with E 171, may indicate adverse effects. With respect to genotoxicity, the Panel concluded that TiO 2 particles have the potential to induce DNA strand breaks and chromosomal damage, but not gene mutations. No clear correlation was observed between the physico‐chemical properties of TiO 2 particles and the outcome of either in vitro or in vivo genotoxicity assays. A concern for genotoxicity of TiO 2 particles that may be present in E 171 could therefore not be ruled out. Several modes of action for the genotoxicity may operate in parallel and the relative contributions of different molecular mechanisms elicited by TiO 2 particles are not known. There was uncertainty as to whether a threshold mode of action could be assumed. In addition, a cut‐off value for TiO 2 particle size with respect to genotoxicity could not be identified. No appropriately designed study was available to investigate the potential carcinogenic effects of TiO 2 NP s. Based on all the evidence available, a concern for genotoxicity could not be ruled out, and given the many uncertainties, the Panel concluded that E 171 can no longer be considered as safe when used as a food additive.

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“…(2019), Li et al. (2019), Zhang et al. (2020) and Chen et al.…”

Section: Assessmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Gut Microbiotamentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Assessmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Safety assessment of titanium dioxide (E171) as a food additive

Flavourings¹,

Younes²,

Aquilina³

et al. 2021

EFS2

131

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Based on nanoparticle intake data, children ingest approximately 5 mg/kg BW TiO 2 NPs per day, while adults ingest 1–2 mg/kg BW per day [ 6 ]. Although TiO 2 NPs are considered safe, recent studies have found that TiO 2 NPs could increase intestinal permeability, which leads to NPs crossing the intestinal barrier more easily and reaching in other organs, such as liver [ 7 , 8 ]. Then, TiO 2 NPs could induce oxidative stress, inflammatory cell infiltration, cell apoptosis, and DNA damage in the liver of a healthy body [ 9 , 10 ], however, the pathological characteristics are not serious or obvious enough to develop into a hepatic disease.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Foodborne TiO2 Nanoparticles Induced More Severe Hepatotoxicity in Fructose-Induced Metabolic Syndrome Mice via Exacerbating Oxidative Stress-Mediated Intestinal Barrier Damage

Zhao

Liu

Jia

et al. 2021

Foods

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The hazard of titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO2 NPs) in diseased population should be given focus due to the huge number of these NPs in foods and medicine. This study aimed to evaluate the stronger biological adverse effect of oral exposure to TiO2 NPs in a fructose-induced metabolic syndrome mouse model. Compared to the normal mice, low-dose (2 mg/kg) TiO2 NPs did not cause severe hepatotoxicity. However, high-dose (20 mg/kg) TiO2 NPs induced aggravated hepatic inflammation, fibrosis, and apoptosis, with substantial alteration of related biochemical parameters in the mouse model. Moreover, significantly increased Ti and lipopolysaccharide burden were observed in metabolic syndrome murine liver and serum, which possibly worsened the portend intestinal leakage. The expression of tight junction-related protein showed that TiO2 NPs induced further increase in serious intestinal permeability. The intestinal inflammatory and oxidative stress response in the model were also assessed. Results showed that TiO2 NPs caused more severe intestinal inflammatory injury by intensifying the oxidative stress in metabolic syndrome mice and then induced further liver injury. This work provides information on the insights into the toxic effect of TiO2 NPs in sub-healthy population.

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“…An imbalance in the composition of the gut bacteria can cause some health disturbances as shown in several animal studies. Li et al [ 36 ] reported changes in the intestinal microbiota composition and a significant decline in the Bifidobacterium count number in male mice receiving TiO 2 NPs (1 mg/kg/day for 7 days). Pignet et al [ 37 ] showed that orally administered TiO 2 NPs (2 and 10 mg TiO 2 /kg b.w./day and 50 mg TiO 2 /kg b.w./day) had minimal effect on the composition of the intestinal microbiota in the mouse colon and small intestine but caused the reduced expression of the colonic mucin gene, increased expression of the β-defensin gene, colonic inflammation (decreased crypt length, infiltration of CD8+T cells, increased macrophages, increased expression of inflammatory cytokines).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Four Types of TiO2 Reduced the Growth of Selected Lactic Acid Bacteria Strains

Baranowska‐Wójcik

Gustaw

Szwajgier

et al. 2021

Foods

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Food-grade titanium dioxide (TiO2) containing a nanoparticle fraction (TiO2 NPs -nanoparticles) is widely used as a food additive (E171 in the EU). In recent years, it has increasingly been raising controversies as to the presence or absence of its harmful effects on the gastrointestinal microbiota. The complexity and variability of microbiota species present in the human gastrointestinal tract impede the assessment of the impact of food additives on this ecosystem. As unicellular organisms, bacteria are a very convenient research model for investigation of the toxicity of nanoparticles. We examined the effect of TiO2 (three types of food-grade E171 and one TiO2 NPs, 21 nm) on the growth of 17 strains of lactic acid bacteria colonizing the human digestive tract. Each bacterial strain was treated with TiO2 at four concentrations (60, 150, 300, and 600 mg/L TiO2). The differences in the growth of the individual strains were caused by the type and concentration of TiO2. It was shown that the growth of a majority of the analyzed strains was decreased by the application of E171 and TiO2 NPs already at the concentration of 150 and 300 mg/L. At the highest dose (600 mg/L) of the nanoparticles, the reactions of the bacteria to the different TiO2 types used in the experiment varied.

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Prebiotic protects against anatase titanium dioxide nanoparticles-induced microbiota-mediated colonic barrier defects

Cited by 25 publications

References 27 publications

Safety assessment of titanium dioxide (E171) as a food additive

Safety assessment of titanium dioxide (E171) as a food additive

Foodborne TiO2 Nanoparticles Induced More Severe Hepatotoxicity in Fructose-Induced Metabolic Syndrome Mice via Exacerbating Oxidative Stress-Mediated Intestinal Barrier Damage

Four Types of TiO2 Reduced the Growth of Selected Lactic Acid Bacteria Strains

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