Precancerous Lesions in Colorectal Cancer

Abstract

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third most common cause of cancer death in the world. The incidence rate (ASR) and age distribution of this disease differ between most of African-Middle-Eastern (AMAGE) and North America and Europe for many reasons. However, in all areas, “CRC” is considered as one of the most preventable cancers, because it might develop from variant processes like polyps and IBD in addition to the genetic pathogenesis which became very well known in this disease. We tried in this paper to review all the possible reasons of the differences in incidence and age between the west and AMAGE. Also we reviewed all the mutations that lead to the hereditary and familiar clustering of this disease with the correlations with the surrounding food and environment of different areas. Then, we focused on the precancerous pathology of this disease with special focusing on early detection depending on new endoscopy technology and most important genetic studies. We lastly reviewed the evidence of some of the surveillance and put suggestions about future surveillance programs and how important those programs are on the psychological aspect of the patients and their families.

Detection of miR-1246, miR-23a and miR-451 in sera of colorectal carcinoma patients: a case-control study in Cairo University hospital

“…However, in practice, colonoscopy has failed to achieve this goal. Being expensive, invasive, and requiring prior bowel preparation in addition to the inconvenient procedure itself, pati- uents' compliance was found to be relatively low (40-50%) in comparison to over 80% for breast, cervix and prostate cancers screening 28 . This increases the need for easy to perform, more sensitive and specific tests that can detect the early disease stages such as circulating miRNAs 29 .…”

Colorectal cancer liver metastasis trends in the kingdom of Saudi Arabia

“…CRC is considered a preventable tumor because the lesions arise from precancerous polyps and other recognizable processes. [ 7 ] Thus, every effort should be made to identify both the presence of these lesions and also patients—such as those with inflammatory bowel disease—that are at a risk of developing CRC. [ 30 ] To further improve the trend of diagnosing CRC and to raise the survival rates globally, it is recommended to adopt a national screening program in the KSA region.…”

“…[ 4 5 6 ] CRC rates are markedly lower in Africa and the Middle East, occurring at an estimated rate of 3–11 per 100,000 individuals. [ 7 ] Specifically, in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA), the incidence of CRC is increasing from 6.6 per 100,000 individuals in 2003[ 8 ] to over 12 per 100,000 individuals in 2008. [ 9 ]…”

Molecular Pathogenesis of Colorectal Cancer

“…Získané mutace (delece, inzerce atd.) či epigenetické změny (metylace) v MMR jsou zodpovědné za vznik cca 15-20 % sporadického CRC [13,14,63]. Jedná se o mutace či metylace v těchto genech: MSH2 (2p16), MLH1 (3p21), MSH6 (2p16), PMS2 (7p22), MLH3 (14q24.3), MSH3 (5q11-q12), PMS1 (2q31-33) a Exo1 (1q--42-43) [13,14,61,63,64].…”