“…There are many methods for the low-level Gd monitoring in solution. Most of them are spectroscopic methods such as spectrofluorimetry (Reisfeld and Biron 1970;Taketatsu and Sato 1978;Berg, Mainka, and Ache 1989;Hu et al 1997), spectrophotometry (Mori et al 1992), ICP-AES (Normann et al 2000), Novel Gadolinium Optical Sensor 191 ICP-MS (Behrens 1995;Cao, Yin, and Li 1999;Hennebruder et al 2004;Isnard et al 2005), LC (Winget and Lindstrom 1971), electron spin resonance (ESR) (Moyer and McCarthy 1969;Miyake and Imoto 1996;Miyake, Kanamaru, and Imoto 1986), laser-based multistep resonance ionization MS (Blaum et al 2002), phosphorescence (Gong and Zhang 1997), and some neutron activation methods (Marsh and Allie 1969;Jinno et al 1979). These methods have either low sensitivity, are time-consuming, involving multiple sample manipulations, or are too expensive for most analytical laboratories.…”