Precision Nutrition: A Review of Personalized Nutritional Approaches for the Prevention and Management of Metabolic Syndrome

Abstract

The translation of the growing increase of findings emerging from basic nutritional science into meaningful and clinically relevant dietary advices represents nowadays one of the main challenges of clinical nutrition. From nutrigenomics to deep phenotyping, many factors need to be taken into account in designing personalized and unbiased nutritional solutions for individuals or population sub-groups. Likewise, a concerted effort among basic, clinical scientists and health professionals will be needed to establish a comprehensive framework allowing the implementation of these new findings at the population level. In a world characterized by an overwhelming increase in the prevalence of obesity and associated metabolic disturbances, such as type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular diseases, tailored nutrition prescription represents a promising approach for both the prevention and management of metabolic syndrome. This review aims to discuss recent works in the field of precision nutrition analyzing most relevant aspects affecting an individual response to lifestyle/nutritional interventions. Latest advances in the analysis and monitoring of dietary habits, food behaviors, physical activity/exercise and deep phenotyping will be discussed, as well as the relevance of novel applications of nutrigenomics, metabolomics and microbiota profiling. Recent findings in the development of precision nutrition are highlighted. Finally, results from published studies providing examples of new avenues to successfully implement innovative precision nutrition approaches will be reviewed.

Sourdough bread: A contemporary cereal fermented product

“…FODMAPs’ intake is associated with the onset of symptoms of irritable bowel syndrome. In contrast, some FODMAPs contribute to the healthy maintenance of intestinal microbiota (de Toro‐Martin, Arsenault, Despres, & Vohl, ). Volume increase of bread dough commonly relies on the use of two biological leavening agents, sourdough and baker’s yeast and, in some cases, a combination of both.…”

<b><i>Lifestyle Genomics</i></b>: Addressing the Multifactorial Nature of Personalized Health

“…Ultimately, integrative 'OMIC analyses will enable researchers to predict more accurately which treatment and prevention strategies should be used for a particular individual or subset of the general population to mitigate disease risk. This will consequently lead to a more widespread adoption of personalized medicine and personalized nutrition in the healthcare system [52,53].…”

Targeting Epigenetics Signaling with Curcumin: A Transformative Drug Lead in Treatment of Schizophrenia?

“…standardized formulated Panax Ginseng: Ginsana-115, improved negative and depressive symptoms in schizophrenia [89]. An independent group found HT1001, a proprietary North American ginseng extract (Panax quinquefolius), improved cognition in the different cohort of schizophrenia .…”

“…Recently, there has been paradoxical resurgence of interest in examining the neuroprotective effects of ketogenic diet emphasizing low carbohydrate and high protein nutrients, in schizophrenia [89]. It is intriguing that beta-hydroxybutyrate, the main ketone body, has been shown to be the endogenous HDAC inhibitor in counteracting the deleterious effects of excesses of oxidative stress.…”