Preclinical Evaluation of Sol-gel Synthesized Modulated 45S5-Bioglass Based Biodegradable Bone Graft Intended for Alveolar Bone Regeneration

Abstract

Reconstruction and augmentation of the alveolar bone defects pose a challenge for the dental surgeons due to its complex structure. The primary objective of tissue engineering is to regenerate or replace damaged tissues or organs including damaged bone tissues with bone grafts, cells, and biological molecules. 45S5-bioglass (45S5-BG), with its superior osteoconductive and osteoinductive abilities, has been at the forefront of tissue engineering, alveolar bone regeneration, and periodontal regenerative surgical procedures for the past several years. With the aim of regenerating supporting alveolar bone, 45S5-BG was synthesized via sol-gel technique. 45S5-BG was characterized by X-ray Diffraction (XRD) and Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) analysis. In vitro bioactivity study was validated in simulated body fluid (SBF) and analysed by Fourier-Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR). In vitro cell compatibility was assessed by 3-(4,5-dimethylthyazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay using L929 cells. Further, in vivo alveolar bone regenerative potential of 45S5-BG bone graft was evaluated. XRD spectrum confirmed the formation of combeite crystalline phase after sintering. TEM images imparted ultra-structural features of the sample and proved the presence of a major crystalline phase embedded in a glassy matrix. In vitro bioactivity study proved the formation of hydroxy carbonate apatite (HCA) as confirmed by FTIR analysis. The in vitro MTT assay results confirmed the cell compatibility of 45S5-BG and histological analysis proved new bone formation. Within the limitations of this study, the results demonstrated that in addition to the observed bioactive and cell compatible properties, sol-gel synthesized 45S5-BG bone graft exhibited notable alveolar bone regenerative potential.

Fabrication and characterization of chlorhexidine gluconate loaded poly(vinyl alcohol)/45S5 nano‐bioactive glass nanofibrous membrane for guided tissue regeneration applications

“…These weak peaks originate from HAp at 2θ ≈ 33°(024) and 46°(141), and a decrease in the intensity of the peaks were observed at 21 days and 28 days due to the lack of precipitation over time. [ 45,50,69,70 ] Shankwar et al showed in their study that when BG and PVA are mixed and electrospinning for a long time (>2 h) to obtain sufficiently thick composite nanofibrous membranes, the deposited phase can crystallize in nanocrystalline form and increase the bioactivity for the bone mineral phase in the membranes. [ 13 ] Thus, it was shown that the bioactivity of the CL‐PVA/3BG membranes produced in this study was successfully realized.…”

The Design of 3D-Printed Polylactic Acid–Bioglass Composite Scaffold: A Potential Implant Material for Bone Tissue Engineering

“…PLA colorless pellets were supplied by a filament producer company (Add North 3D AB, Stockholm, Sweden) and used for the production of the PLA-BG composite. The 1–4 dioxane was procured from Sigma Aldrich (Stockholm, Sweden), and 45S5 BG was synthesized via the sol–gel technique with an average particle size of 150 nm, as measured from transmission electron microscopy, that was stable up to 800 °C as reported in our previous studies [ 44 ].…”

“…For in vitro cytotoxicity analysis, a 3-(4,5-dimethylthyazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay was used for the evaluation of cytotoxicity analysis, as reported in an earlier study [ 44 , 45 ]. The mouse L929 fibroblast cell line was seeded at 3 × 10 with 4 cells/mL in a 96-well plate and cultured using DMEM medium.…”

Sol–Gel Technologies to Obtain Advanced Bioceramics for Dental Therapeutics

“…Going back to the pioneering sol-gel formulations by Li et al [28], all synthesized bioactive compositions were not fully glassy, as they contained some crystalline phases. Hence, to produce a completely amorphous 45S5 BG composition without crystalline inclusions using the sol-gel technique has been a challenge so far and several authors have reported the presence of calcium sodium silicate phases [183][184][185][186]. Faure et al [183] explored the use of citric acid instead of the usual nitric acid for the synthesis of the 45S5 formulation, but revealed a partial crystallization of Na 2 Ca 2 Si 3 O 9 , Na 2 Ca 3 Si 6 O 16 and Na 2 CaSi 2 O 6 inside the amorphous structure of the BG.…”