Preclinical Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics and Content Analysis of Gnetol in Foodstuffs

Remsberg, Connie M.; Martinez, Stephanie E.; Akinwumi, Bolanle C.; Anderson, Hope D.; Takemoto, Jody K.; Sayre, Casey L.; Davies, Neal M.

doi:10.1002/ptr.5363

Cited by 19 publications

(30 citation statements)

References 22 publications

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“…On the other hand, gnetol was isolated from stems of Gnetum klossii [39]. Gnetol was found to exist as an aglycon in Gnetum gnemon products [13]. However, gnetol 2 -β-glucoside was not isolated from these plants.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…These compounds are contained in plants such as Artocarpus lacucha Buch.-Ham and Gnetum gnemon, which have been used as folk medicines [1]. They have many pharmacological activities such as anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory, analgesic, antidiabetic, anti-adipogenesis, anticancer, antileukaemic, and antiviral effects [2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15]. In spite of their pharmacological activities, the water-insolubility of stilbene compounds prevents their further exploitation as medicines and functional food ingredients.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Glycosylation of Stilbene Compounds by Cultured Plant Cells

et al. 2020

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Oxyresveratrol and gnetol are naturally occurring stilbene compounds, which have diverse pharmacological activities. The water-insolubility of these compounds limits their further pharmacological exploitation. The glycosylation of bioactive compounds can enhance their water-solubility, physicochemical stability, intestinal absorption, and biological half-life, and improve their bio- and pharmacological properties. Plant cell cultures are ideal systems for propagating rare plants and for studying the biosynthesis of secondary metabolites. Furthermore, the biotransformation of various organic compounds has been investigated as a target in the biotechnological application of plant cell culture systems. Cultured plant cells can glycosylate not only endogenous metabolic intermediates but also xenobiotics. In plants, glycosylation reaction acts for decreasing the toxicity of xenobiotics. There have been a few studies of glycosylation of exogenously administrated stilbene compounds at their 3- and 4′-positions by cultured plant cells of Ipomoea batatas and Strophanthus gratus so far. However, little attention has been paid to the glycosylation of 2′-hydroxy group of stilbene compounds by cultured plant cells. In this work, it is described that oxyresveratrol (3,5,2′,4′–tetrahydroxystilbene) was transformed to 3-, 2′-, and 4′-β-glucosides of oxyresveratrol by biotransformation with cultured Phytolacca americana cells. On the other hand, gnetol (3,5,2′,6′–tetrahydroxystilbene) was converted into 2′-β-glucoside of gnetol by cultured P. americana cells. Oxyresveratrol 2′-β-glucoside and gnetol 2′-β-glucoside are two new compounds. This paper reports, for the first time, the glycosylation of stilbene compounds at their 2′-position by cultured plant cells.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Glycosylation of Stilbene Compounds by Cultured Plant Cells

et al. 2020

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“…Notably, we also hypothesized that, because pterostilbene exhibits improved bioavailability and prolonged half-life compared to resveratrol [ 36 , 58 ], we would observe greater vascular effects with pterostilbene (and perhaps gnetol). However, despite the significant differences in oral bioavailability between resveratrol (20%), pterostilbene (80%) and gnetol (7%) [ 35 , 36 , 42 ], there were no differences between the efficacy of their effects on vasculature. This suggests that the stilbenoid compounds, and/or perhaps their bioactive metabolites [ 59 ], were indeed accessing both arterial beds to produce equivalent effects.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…There is little information on the cardiovascular effects of pterostilbene, other than its ability to inhibit vascular smooth muscle cell migration [ 38 ] and enhance blood pressure lowering in patients with high cholesterol [ 39 ] (perhaps vis-à-vis anti-inflammatory [ 40 ] and anti-oxidant activities [ 41 ]). Gnetol has a tetrahydroxy stilbenoid structure and is a naturally-occurring compound in plants of the genus Gnetum [ 42 ]. In Southeast Asia, seeds and fruit of melinjo ( G. gnemon ) are consumed as functional foods [ 43 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Peripheral and Cerebral Resistance Arteries in the Spontaneously Hypertensive Heart Failure Rat: Effects of Stilbenoid Polyphenols

et al. 2017

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Hypertension is associated with aberrant structure and mechanical properties of resistance arteries. We determined the effects of resveratrol, a non-flavonoid polyphenol found in foods such as red grapes, and structurally-similar analogues (pterostilbene and gnetol) on systolic blood pressure (SBP) and resistance arteries from the spontaneously hypertensive heart failure (SHHF) rat. SBP was elevated in 17-week-old SHHF vs. Sprague-Dawley rats (normotensive control; 194 ± 3 vs. 142 ± 6 mmHg, p < 0.01) and was unaffected by resveratrol, pterostilbene, or gnetol (2.5 mg/kg/d). Geometry and mechanical properties of pressurized mesenteric resistance arteries and middle cerebral arteries were calculated from media and lumen dimensions measured at incremental intraluminal pressures. SHHF arteries exhibited remodeling which consisted of augmented media-to-lumen ratios, and this was attenuated by stilbenoid treatment. Compliance was significantly reduced in SHHF middle cerebral arteries but not mesenteric arteries vis-à-vis increased wall component stiffness; stilbenoid treatment failed to normalize compliance and wall component stiffness. Our data suggest that neither AMPK nor ERK mediate stilbenoid effects. In conclusion, we observed arterial bed-specific abnormalities, where mesenteric resistance arteries exhibited remodeling and cerebral arteries exhibited remodeling and stiffening. Resveratrol, pterostilbene, and gnetol exhibited similar abilities to attenuate vascular alterations.

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