Preconcentration and determination of ceftazidime in real samples using dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction and high-performance liquid chromatography with the aid of experimental design

Abstract

A rapid and simple method for the extraction and preconcentration of ceftazidime in aqueous samples has been developed using dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction followed by high-performance liquid chromatography analysis. The extraction parameters, such as the volume of extraction solvent and disperser solvent, salt effect, sample volume, centrifuge rate, centrifuge time, extraction time, and temperature in the dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction process, were studied and optimized with the experimental design methods. Firstly, for the preliminary screening of the parameters the taguchi design was used and then, the fractional factorial design was used for significant factors optimization. At the optimum conditions, the calibration curves for ceftazidime indicated good linearity over the range of 0.001-10 μg/mL with correlation coefficients higher than the 0.98, and the limits of detection were 0.13 and 0.17 ng/mL, for water and urine samples, respectively. The proposed method successfully employed to determine ceftazidime in water and urine samples and good agreement between the experimental data and predictive values has been achieved.

Preconcentration and determination of 2‐mercaptobenzimidazole by dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction and experimental design

“…To examine the effect of temperature as possible effective parameter on extraction efficiency, extraction procedures were conducted at six different temperatures between 5°C and 45°C. Increase in temperature lead to the decrease in the sedimented phase due to the increase in solubility of extraction solvent in aqueous solution as reported in our previous work . In contrast with temperatures below 28°C, which has not much efficacy on extraction recoveries, high temperature (45°C) causes the intensely decreased extraction recoveries because of the decrease in distribution coefficient.…”

“…Chemometrics is applied to solve both descriptive and predictive problems in experimental natural sciences, especially in chemistry . The optimization of analytical procedures has been carried out using multivariate statistic techniques . Among all, the most relevant multivariate techniques used in analytical optimization is response surface methodology (RSM).…”

An easily organic–inorganic hybrid optical sensor based on dithizone impregnation on mesoporous SBA‐15 for simultaneous detection and removal of Pb(II) ions from water samples: Response‐surface methodology

“…The normality of residuals can be checked by normal probability plot which compares the experimental and model predicted responses. The mathematical relationship between four independent variables can be written by the second order polynomial model:…”

Recent Advances and Perspectives on the Sources and Detection of Antibiotics in Aquatic Environments

“…In recent years, this technique has been widely used in the enrichment and determination of compounds. For example, in 2016, Razmi et al [ 36 ] established a method for rapid extraction and enrichment of ceftazidime by DLLME, and this method has been successfully used for the determination of ceftazidime in aqueous samples.…”