Precursors toC60fullerene formation

Formation and growth of carbon nanostructures: fullerenes, nanoparticles, nanotubes and cones

“…³ÖÜÇÔÕÄÇÐÐÑ, ÚÕÑ ÏÑAEÇ-ÎËÓÑÄÂÐËÇ ÏÇÕÑAEÑÏ ÏÑÎÇÍÖÎâÓÐÑÌ AEËÐÂÏËÍË ÒÑÍÂÊÞ-ÄÂÇÕ, ÚÕÑ ÅÑÓâÚËÇ ÖÅÎÇÓÑAEÐÞÇ ÍÎÂÔÕÇÓÞ, ÐÂÚËÐÂâ Ô n 30, AEÂÉÇ ÒÓË ÕÇÏÒÇÓÂÕÖÓÇ 3000 ¬ ÖÉÇ ËÏÇáÕ ÕÓÇØ-ÏÇÓÐÖá ÔÕÓÖÍÕÖÓÖ Ô ÊÂÏÍÐÖÕÑÌ ÒÑÄÇÓØÐÑÔÕßá [55] ±ÓÇAEÒÑÎÂÅÂÎÑÔß, ÚÕÑ ÏÂÎÞÇ ×ÖÎÎÇÓÇÐÞ ÏÑÅÖÕ ÑÃÓÂ-ÊÑÄÞÄÂÕßÔâ Ä ÓÇÊÖÎßÕÂÕÇ ÏÐÑÅÑÍÓÂÕÐÑÌ ÄÔÕÂÄÍË ÏËÍÓÑ-ÍÎÂÔÕÇÓÑÄ C 2 Ä ÔÕÓÖÍÕÖÓÖ ÕÓÇØÏÇÓÐÞØ ÒÑÎËÙËÍÎËÚÇÔÍËØ ÖÅÎÇÓÑAEÐÞØ ÍÎÂÔÕÇÓÑÄ [59]. ³ÑÅÎÂÔÐÑ ÐÇÍÑÕÑÓÞÏ ÓÂÔÚÇ-ÕÂÏ ×ÖÎÎÇÓÇÐ ËÏÇÇÕ ÏÂÍÔËÏÂÎßÐÖá àÐÇÓÅËá ÔÄâÊË ÔÓÇAEË ËÊÑÏÇÓÑÄ ÍÎÂÔÕÇÓ C 20 (ÔÏ., ÐÂÒÓËÏÇÓ, [44,60,61] [88], C 44 [9], C 50 [9,88] Ë C 76 [88] ÒÓË ÃÞÔÕÓÑÏ ÑØÎÂÉAEÇÐËË Ä ÔÄÇÓØÊÄÖÍÑÄÑÌ ÔÕÓÖÇ ØÑÎÑAEÐÑÅÑ ÃÖ×ÇÓÐÑÅÑ ÅÂÊÂ; 5) C 44 Ë C 50 Ä ÄÇÓØÐÇÌ ÚÂÔÕË ÒÎÂÏÇÐË [20]; 6) C 76 ÔÓÇAEË ÒÓÑAEÖÍÕÑÄ ×ÑÕÑÓÂÔÒÂAE ×ÖÎÎÇÓÇÐÑÄ C 94 [89], C 36 [90], C 44 , C 50 [90,91] ÔÓÇAEË ÒÓÑAEÖÍÕÑÄ ×ÑÕÑÓÂÔÒÂAE ×ÖÎÎÇÓÇРC 60 ; 7) C 36 , C 44 Ë C 50 ÒÓË ÒÑÎÖÚÇÐËË ×ÖÎÎÇÓÇÐÑÄ Ä ØËÏËÚÇÔÍÑÏ ÓÇÂÍÕÑÓÇ, ÔÑAEÇÓÉÂÜÇÏ ÔÏÇÔß C 2 H 2 Ë SF 6 [18]. £ ÐÇÍÑÕÑÓÞØ ÖÔÎÑÄËâØ ÏÂÔÔ-ÔÒÇÍÕÓ ÐÇ ÔÑAEÇÓÉËÕ ÏÂÅËÚÇÔÍËØ ×ÖÎÎÇÓÇÐÑÄ, ÐÂÒÓË-ÏÇÓ ÒÓË ÂÃÎâÙËË ÖÅÎÇÓÑAEÔÑAEÇÓÉÂÜËØ ÏÂÕÇÓËÂÎÑÄ Ä ÄÂÍÖÖÏ [9,11,12] ËÎË Ä ÔÄÇÓØÊÄÖÍÑÄÖá ÔÕÓÖá [28,34,88].…”

Raman spectra and calculated vibrational frequencies of size-selected C16, C18, and C20 clusters

“…18,19 C 20 has several isomers with approximately the same energies, [20][21][22][23][24][25][26] including the monocyclic ring, the corranulene-like bowl, and the fullerene cage.…”

“…The surface plasmon polariton ͑SPP͒ Raman spectra of C 16 , C 18 , and C 20 neutral atomic clusters isolated in nitrogen matrices are presented as well as the calculated vibrational frequencies for their isomers. The observed spectra appear to be most consistent with a linear chain structure.…”

Quantum Monte Carlo studies of covalent and metallic clusters: Accuracy of density functional approximations

“…For example, experiments indicate that the most stable isomer of C 20 is a ring, 19,20 whereas the most accurate theoretical studies indicate that the bowl and cage are lower in energy. 13,14,16,17 The resolution of this paradox is that the experiments are conducted at high temperatures; in fact the ring isomer is calculated to be the most stable when finite-temperature corrections 21,22 are included. To study the role of finitetemperature effects carefully, both experimental results and highly accurate data for the static-nucleus energy differences between the isomers are required.…”