Predation Control Using Conditioned Food Aversion Methodology: Theory, Practice, and Implications

Gustavson, Carl R.; Gustavson, Joan C.

doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.1985.tb27084.x

Cited by 22 publications

(20 citation statements)

References 20 publications

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“…), it is possible that the year-round toxicity of S. giganteus in many of these potential feeding grounds coupled with the seasonal toxicity of the other bivalve prey species (Quayle 1969;Shumway 1990), may be sufficient to limit the range of otters to the outer coast. Indeed, illnessinduced food aversions have been used effectively to alter the foraging behaviors, prey preferences, and distributions of free-ranging wild coyotes and other predators in natural and experimental settings (Gustavson and Gustavson 1985).…”

Section: Feeding Trialsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Lett (1985) found that, while gastrointestinal illness produced strong, taste-mediated food aversions in rats, an even stronger aversion to the place where food was ingested developed when paired with gallamine poisoning, a drug that causes neuromuscular and respiratory paralysis. PSP is generally characterized by neuromuscular paralysis and respiratory difficulty (Halstead 1978), rather than the gastrointestinal distress or vomiting typical of drugs used in predator control studies (Gustavson and Gustavson 1985) and the cardenolide-based toxins sequestered by monarch butterflies (Brower and Fink 1985). Thus, otters may not only develop an aversion to PSPT-ladened prey, but also to specific areas in which they have consumed toxic prey in the past.…”

Section: Feeding Trialsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins mediate feeding behavior of sea otters

Kvitek

DeGunge

Beitler

1991

Limnology & Oceanography

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Captive sea otters (Enhydra lutris)fed live Saxidomus giganteus (butter clams) ad libitum either reduced their prey capture and consumption rates or discarded the highly toxic siphons and kidneys when switched from clams containing very low levels of saxitoxin [37±9 µg STX (100 g)−1] to highly toxic clams [226±96 µg STX (100 g)−1]. Feeding rates returned to pretreatment levels when the otters were again switched to low‐toxicity clams, but siphon discard frequency remained high. Paralytic shellfish poisoning symptoms were observed only in an otter calculated to have consumed the most STX (154 µg kg−1 d−1), a dosage within the range of oral LD50s reported for other nonprimate mammals. None of the other otters displayed symptoms, and all subjects were eventually released in good health. These findings suggest that otters are not immune to paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins (PSPT) and that they have the ability to detect and avoid consumption of lethal amounts of toxic prey. This behavioral response is highly adaptive given the importance of butter clams in sea otter diets, and the chronic toxicity of butter clams in areas where toxic dinoflagellate blooms occur. A comparison of the distributions of otters and toxicity levels of butter clams in southeast Alaska suggests that the sequestering of PSPT may protect some clam populations from otter predation and limit the distribution of otters to the exposed outer coast where toxic clams are rare.

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Section: Feeding Trialsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Feeding Trialsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins mediate feeding behavior of sea otters

Kvitek

DeGunge

Beitler

1991

Limnology & Oceanography

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“…A aversão alimentar condicionada é uma técnica largamente utilizada para diversos ϐins, incluindo o de evitar a predação nas criações de gado por coiotes e lobos, impedir o consumo de grãos por roedores (Gustavson & Gustavson 1985) ou a destruição de diferentes cultivos por herbívo-ros (Nicodemo 2006, Burritt 2011) e, também, para o tratamento do alcoolismo em humanos (Logue 1985, Nathan 1985, Ralphs & Provenza 1999. Em ruminantes e equinos pode ser utilizada para evitar a ingestão de plantas tóxicas.…”

Section: Introductionunclassified

Aversão alimentar condicionada no controle de surtos de intoxicações por Ipomoea carnea subsp. fistulosa e Turbina cordata em caprinos

et al. 2012

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Pesq. Vet. Bras. 32(8):707-714, agosto 2012 707 RESUMO.-A aversão alimentar condicionada é uma técnica que pode ser utilizada em animais para evitar a ingestão de plantas tóxicas. A técnica foi utilizada em uma fazenda para controlar a intoxicação por Turbina cordata e em outra para controlar a intoxicação por Ipomoea carnea subsp. ϔistulosa. Os caprinos eram presos à noite, e na manhã do dia seguinte lhes era ofertada a planta verde, recém-colhi- Conditioned food aversion is used to train livestock to avoid the ingestion of toxic plants. This technique was used to control Turbina cordata poisoning in goats in one farm, and to control Ipomoea carnea subsp. ϔistulosa poisoning in another farm. The goats were penned at night and the next morning the green plants were offered for 10 minutes. Goats that ingested any amount of the plant were treated through a gastric tube with 175mg of LiCl/kg body weight. In the ϐlock in which the poisoning by T. cordata was occurring, the goats were averted every two months during the period that the plant was found in the pastures. During the experiment, from December 2009 to April 2011, new cases of poisoning were not observed, and there was a progressive decrease in the number of goats that ingested the plant and were averted. In the farm where I. carnea poisoning was occurring, most of the goats were averted in December 2010, 15-20 days before the ϐirst rains. The goats of this ϐlock did not ingest the plant spontaneously in the ϐield until September-October 2011, when, due to the dry season, there was a severe forage shortage, and the goats started to ingest the plant in the ϐield. Later, despite three aversive treatments with 21 days intervals, the goats continued to ingest the plant and some animals became poisoned. In conclusion, conditioned food aversion was effective in to control intoxication by T. cordata. The technique was also effective in conditioning goats to avoid consuming I. carnea during the rainy season, but not during the dry season, with low forage availability in the ϐield. The differences in these results seem to be due to the epidemiology of both poisonings: T. cordata is senescent and unavailable during most of the dry period, and green biomass is typically available either at the very end of the dry season, for a short period of time, and during the rainy season when there is no shortage of forage. In contrast, I. carnea grows in wet areas near water sources, and stays green during the dry period when there is a lack of other forage.

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“…It has also been used to prevent coyote (Canis latrans) and wolf (Canis lupus) predation on livestock and rodent depredation on crops (Gustavson & Gustavson, 1985), and in treatment of alcoholism in human subjects (Logue, 1985;Nathan, 1985). Zahorik & Houpt (1977 first demonstrated that cattle, sheep and horses could be partially averted to specific foods.…”

Section: Food Aversionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…If an averted animal is compelled to sample the target plant and there is no adverse post-ingestive feedback, the aversion will quickly extinguish. Gustavson & Gustavson (1985) reviewed several reports of predators being averted to prey, but the aversion was extinguished through the influence of social facilitation. Lambs also extinguished aversions to mountain mahogany when grazing in the presence of nonaverted lambs (Burritt & Provenza, 1989).…”

Section: Social Facilitationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Conditioned food aversions: principles and practices, with special reference to social facilitation

Ralphs

Provenza

1999

Proc. Nutr. Soc.

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Conditioned food aversion is a powerful experimental tool to modify animal diets. We have also investigated it as a potential management tool to prevent livestock from grazing poisonous plants such as tall larkspur (Delphinium barbeyi), white locoweed (Oxytropis sericea) and ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa) on western US rangelands. The following principles pertain to increasing the strength and longevity of aversions: mature animals retain aversions better than young animals; novelty of the plant is important, although aversions can be created to familiar plants; LiCl is the most effective emetic, and the optimum dose for cattle is 200 mg/kg body weight; averted animals should be grazed separately from non-averted animals to avoid the influence of social facilitation which can rapidly extinguish aversions. Social facilitation is the most important factor preventing widespread application of aversive conditioning. When averted animals see other animals eat the target food they will sample it, and if there is no adverse reaction they will continue eating and extinguish the aversion. However, if averted animals can be grazed separately, aversions will persist. Aversive conditioning may provide an effective management tool to prevent animals from eating palatable poisonous plants that cause major economic loss.

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Predation Control Using Conditioned Food Aversion Methodology: Theory, Practice, and Implications

Cited by 22 publications

References 20 publications

Paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins mediate feeding behavior of sea otters

Paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins mediate feeding behavior of sea otters

Aversão alimentar condicionada no controle de surtos de intoxicações por Ipomoea carnea subsp. fistulosa e Turbina cordata em caprinos

Conditioned food aversions: principles and practices, with special reference to social facilitation

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