PREDATOR‐INDUCED DEFENSE MAKES<i>DAPHNIA</i>MORE VULNERABLE TO PARASITES

Yin, Mingbo; Laforsch, Christian; Lohr, Jennifer; Wolinska, Justyna

doi:10.1111/j.1558-5646.2011.01240.x

Cited by 74 publications

(68 citation statements)

References 67 publications

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“…The fish density was similar to that used in previous studies [e.g. [23,24]]. The applied Triops density is lower to that found in natural concentrations of this predator (up to 2500 Triops/m² in natural ponds, [38]) and adequate for defence induction in D. magna [31].…”

Section: Methodssupporting

confidence: 68%

“…Although Daphnia are often exposed to predators and parasites simultaneously, there are few studies that have investigated the effects of infection on inducible defences. It has been shown that Daphnia galeata can still express inducible defences against fish, regardless of infection with protozoan or yeast parasites [23,24]. The same was true for D. magna infected with a bacterial parasite [25].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Fighting parasites and predators: How to deal with multiple threats?

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BackgroundAlthough inducible defences have been studied extensively, only little is known about how the presence of parasites might interfere with these anti-predator adaptations. Both parasites and predators are important factors shaping community structure and species composition of ecosystems. Here, we simultaneously exposed Daphnia magna to predator cues (released by the tadpole shrimp, Triops, or by a fish) and spores of the yeast parasite Metschnikowia sp. to determine how life history and morphological inducible defences against these two contrasting types of predators are affected by infection.ResultsThe parasite suppressed some Triops-induced defences: Daphnia lost the ability to produce a greater number of larger offspring, a life-history adaptation to Triops predation. In contrast, the parasite did not suppress inducible defences against fish: induction (resulting in smaller body length of the mothers as well as of their offspring) and infection acted additively on the measured traits. Thus, fish-induced defences may be less costly than inducible defences against small invertebrate predators like Triops; the latter defences could no longer be expressed when the host had already invested in fighting off the parasite.ConclusionsIn summary, our study suggests that as specific inducible defences differ in their costs, some might be suppressed if a target prey is additionally infected. Therefore, adding parasite pressure to predator–prey systems can help to elucidate the costs of inducible defences.

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Section: Methodssupporting

confidence: 68%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Fighting parasites and predators: How to deal with multiple threats?

et al. 2012

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“…Predators are also important: consumption of Daphnia by the dipteran larvae Chaoborus helps spread Metschnikowia by releasing fungal spores [43], while vertical migration by Daphnia to avoid fish predation brings putative hosts closer to spore-rich sediments [44]. And although direct costs of antipredator defences have been difficult to identify, recent evidence suggests an intriguing trade-off between the expression of morphological antipredator traits and vulnerability to parasitism [45].…”

Section: The Ecological Role Of Daphniamentioning

confidence: 99%

Linking genes to communities and ecosystems: Daphnia as an ecogenomic model

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How do genetic variation and evolutionary change in critical species affect the composition and functioning of populations, communities and ecosystems? Illuminating the links in the causal chain from genes up to ecosystems is a particularly exciting prospect now that the feedbacks between ecological and evolutionary changes are known to be bidirectional. Yet to fully explore phenomena that span multiple levels of the biological hierarchy requires model organisms and systems that feature a comprehensive triad of strong ecological interactions in nature, experimental tractability in diverse contexts and accessibility to modern genomic tools. The water flea Daphnia satisfies these criteria, and genomic approaches capitalizing on the pivotal role Daphnia plays in the functioning of pelagic freshwater food webs will enable investigations of eco-evolutionary dynamics in unprecedented detail. Because its ecology is profoundly influenced by both genetic polymorphism and phenotypic plasticity, Daphnia represents a model system with tremendous potential for developing a mechanistic understanding of the relationship between traits at the genetic, organismal and population levels, and consequences for community and ecosystem dynamics. Here, we highlight the combination of traits and ecological interactions that make Daphnia a definitive model system, focusing on the additional power and capabilities enabled by recent molecular and genomic advances.

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“…Another study also found costs of defences in Daphnia. Yin et al (2011) showed that defence against predators induced stronger disease progression in Daphnia. Here we show that the enhanced costs of defending against parasite spores, even if they do not cause visible infections, increase mortality upon Fig.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Combined exposure to parasite and pesticide causes increased mortality in the water flea Daphnia

et al. 2012

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Organisms are exposed to multiple biotic and abiotic environmental stressors, which can influence the dynamics of individual populations and communities. Populations may also genetically adapt to both natural (e.g. disease) and anthropogenic (e.g. chemical pollution) stress. In the present study, we studied fitness consequences of exposure to both a parasite (i.e. biotic) and a pesticide (i.e. abiotic) for the water flea Daphnia. In addition, we investigated whether these fitness consequences change through time as a population evolves. Thus, we exposed Daphnia magna clones, hatched from dormant eggs isolated from different time layers of a natural dormant egg bank, to the parasite Pasteuria ramosa and the insecticide diazinon in a multifactorial experiment. While our experimental treatments for unknown reasons failed to induce disease symptoms in the Daphnia, we did observe a reduced survival of D. magna when simultaneously exposed to both the parasite and the pesticide. No increased mortality upon exposure to individual stressors was observed. We did not observe an evolutionary change in fitness response of the Daphnia clones hatched from different time horizons upon exposure to stressors.

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PREDATOR‐INDUCED DEFENSE MAKESDAPHNIAMORE VULNERABLE TO PARASITES

Cited by 74 publications

References 67 publications

Fighting parasites and predators: How to deal with multiple threats?

Fighting parasites and predators: How to deal with multiple threats?

Linking genes to communities and ecosystems: Daphnia as an ecogenomic model

Combined exposure to parasite and pesticide causes increased mortality in the water flea Daphnia

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