Predictability of Reverse Osmosis Separations of Higher Alcohols in Dilute Aqueous Solutions Using Porous Cellulose Acetate Membranes

Abstract

This paper presents a kinematic mathematical model for an adiabatic commercial transfer line fluid catalytic cracking reactor in which both catalyst and reacting fluid move at the same velocity under plug flow conditions. The model assumes that the catalyst activity is a strong function of contact time but that it is essentially independent of temperature. The model includes a single heat parameter which involves the endothermic heat of reaction. It is shown that the nature of the conversion function, 1/y -1, where y is the reactant or gas oil fraction within the reactor, vs. flowing space time plot as reported earlier by Paraskos et al. (1976) remains unchanged by the heat parameter. The value of 1/y -1 at given space time is, however, changed considerably by nonisothermal operation if the activation energy for the gas oil and gasoline reactions are different. The validity of the model is examined using data obtained from a 99 ft long commercial adiabatic transfer line reactor.

Reverse osmosis separations of polyethylene glycols in dilute aqueous solutions using porous cellulose acetate membranes

“…Calculations based on eq. (6) showed that the value of In Crjacl for each film used remained essentially constant at the operating pressures of 50,75, and 100 psig. Assuming that PWP is proportional to the operating gauge pressure up to 100 psig, the values off were calculated using eqs.…”

“…Such correlation of w*Zs* is consistent with its nature and confirms the observations made earlier with respect to higher alcohol solutes. 6 The average value of w*Zs* for each PEG solute obtained from the experimental data given in Figure 3 is listed in Table 11. This table shows that the values of the parameters representing the polar (-AAGIRT) and nonpolar (w*Es*) effects increase and that the values of 6*ZE, representing the steric effect decrease with increase in the molecular weight of the PEG solute.…”

“…For such membranes, a constant value of In A* (= -0.92) can be assigned, and D A M / K 8 for the PEG solute can be calculated from eq. (6). Calculations based on eq.…”

Scope and limitations of the irreversible thermodynamics and the solution diffusion models for the separation of binary and multi-component systems in reverse osmosis process

“…(156) has been successfully used. Matsuura et al (1977) have extensively used the previous criterion for studying the prediction of reverse osmosis solute separation for 33 dilute alcohols aqueous solutions 1 − 9 using porous cellulose acetate membrane. It is accepted that the high alcohols with high non-polar impact will amend the sorption of water and increase the sorption of solutes in the membrane interface.…”

“…11 Matsuura et al (1977)  The numerical value of the free energy parameter (− ∆∆ ) depends only on the chemical nature of solute, solvent, and membrane material, and it is independent of the porous structure of the membrane surface.…”