“…In terms of prevention, therefore, there is a need to develop empiricallyvalidated risk assessment tools for identifying high-risk IPH perpetrators, as well as specific programs for treatment-resistant men (Day, Richardson, Bowen, & Bernardi, 2014;Juodis, Starzomski, Porter, & Woodworth, 2014b). A long criminal career and a high number of prior imprisonments are common among some partnerviolent men in prison (Loinaz, 2014), over whom protection orders have little deterrent effect (Frantzen, Miguel, & Kwak, 2011;Strand, 2012). This highlights the need to intervene early and with alternatives to criminal proceedings (e.g., with risk management strategies).…”