Predicting men’s acceptance of sexual violence myths through conformity to masculine norms, sexism, and “locker room talk”.

Cole, Brian P.; Brennan, Margaret; Tyler, Emily; Willard, Ryan

doi:10.1037/men0000248

Cited by 20 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 43 publications

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“…It is possible that such beliefs could be positively associated with CPI given conservatives’ general willingness to overlook the high-profile hypersexual comments by candidate Donald Trump in the 2016 election cycle. Indeed, such comments were rationalized by some supporters as “locker room talk,” suggesting a possible endorsement of an importance of sex norm for men (Cole et al, 2020; Dignam et al, 2021). However, the importance of sex norm could also be negatively associated with CPI, given the links between political conservatism and evangelical Christianity which eschews hypersexuality (Garcia & Kruger, 2010; Hall et al, 2020; Steensland & Wright, 2014).…”

Section: Hegemonic Masculinity and Conservative Political Ideologymentioning

confidence: 99%

The politics of men’s and women’s traditional masculinity ideology in the United States.

McDermott¹,

Brasil²,

Borgogna³

et al. 2021

Psychology of Men & Masculinities

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Little is known about how men's and women's traditional masculinity ideology (TMI; patriarchal beliefs about the norms for men's thoughts, feelings, and behaviors) relates to political ideology in the United States. The present study used bifactor modeling to examine the relative contributions of seven norms of TMI, as measured by the Male Role Norms Inventory-Short Form (MRNI-SF), as predictors of conservative political ideology (CPI). Structural equation modeling in a sample of 1,136 U.S. participants (78% women) revealed that a general factor representing the shared variance among avoidance of femininity, toughness, restrictive emotionality, and importance of sex norms of TMI was positively associated with CPI. Of the two TMI norms that were relatively independent of the TMI general factor (i.e., self-reliance through mechanical skills and negativity toward sexual minorities), only the negativity toward sexual minorities norm predicted variation in CPI above and beyond the TMI general factor. The model explained 51% of the variation in CPI for men and 33% for women. Measurement and structural invariance analyses revealed that there were no significant differences between men and women in the meaning of TMI or CPI or the strength of the relationships between these variables. Consistent with prior research, men scored significantly higher than women on TMI items. Men and women reported an equal level of CPI. These results suggest that men's and women's CPI may share common variance with two core aspects of TMI: antifemininity and negative attitudes toward sexual minorities. Public Significance StatementPolitical ideology is an important aspect of American life. Several scholars have speculated that conservative political ideology (CPI) may be aligned with traditional masculinity ideology (TMI), but few researchers have tested this assertion. Our results suggest that some men's and women's TMI and CPI may be explained via a confluence of antifemininity and antisexual minority beliefs. Additionally, men and women appear to be more similar than different with respect to the links between TMI and CPI.

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Section: Hegemonic Masculinity and Conservative Political Ideologymentioning

confidence: 99%

The politics of men’s and women’s traditional masculinity ideology in the United States.

McDermott¹,

Brasil²,

Borgogna³

et al. 2021

Psychology of Men & Masculinities

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Radical feminist theories have also proposed the opposite, where if women are more complacent with traditional gender role expectations, men are less likely to feel threatened and retaliate. Regarding rape myth acceptance , or the belief in rape misconceptions which often place the victim at fault for the assault (i.e., blaming the victim for drinking too much, for wearing promiscuous clothing, that the victim was “asking for it”), survey research has suggested that sexist attitudes, patriarchal ideals, and rape myth acceptance are positively correlated (Cole et al, 2019; Davies et al, 2012). Although it is difficult to accurately determine the sexist motivations behind sexual assault, it is worth examining the relationship between committing sexual violence and holding misogynistic, sexist attitudes.…”

Section: Sexism Misogyny and Sexual Assaultmentioning

confidence: 99%

Not your submissive china doll: Counseling Asian American female survivors of sexual assault at the intersection of racialized sexism.

Espinosa¹

2023

Asian American Journal of Psychology

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Given Asian American women's unique experiences of racialized sexism including being fetishized, hypersexualized, and deemed submissive, they may be more vulnerable to sexual assault. The present study explored culturally attuned treatment approaches when counseling Asian American female survivors of sexual assault with a concordant understanding of racialized sexism. Following a review of the existing literature, three mental health professionals were interviewed regarding their experiences working with this population. Four themes emerged from the interviews: cultural barriers and considerations, violence and racialized sexism, therapist role and reflexivity, and affirming treatment approaches. Findings suggest that cultural stigma and rape myth acceptance may cause Asian American survivors to harbor more shame and minimize their trauma. Mental health professionals who share similar cultural backgrounds with their clients may experience certain barriers such as difficulty building trust and countertransference. Suggested treatment interventions include psychoeducation to help clients and their families unlearn rape myths as well as eye movement desensitization and reprocessing and strength-based approaches to help reduce shame and feelings of worthlessness. The use of family and collectivist values may also serve as a motivating factor to engage in treatment. What is the public significance of this article?This study advances knowledge regarding Asian American female survivors' experiences of sexual violence through a sociocultural lens. The findings also guide culturally informed treatment approaches by contextualizing survivors' experiences of racialized sexism.

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“…Sayings like “boys will be boys” or “it’s just locker-room talk” represent social contexts that normalize harm instead of challenging them. Rape culture is one pervasive example of how men’s sexual violence is often dismissed, tolerated, or even lauded in the context of men’s social circles (Barnett et al, 2018; Cole et al, 2019).…”

Section: Framing Hegemonic Masculine Socialization In Relational-cult...mentioning

confidence: 99%

A relational-cultural framework for promoting healthy masculinities.

Bianca¹,

Mahalik²

2022

American Psychologist

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We present a conceptual framework for relational interventions focused on helping boys and men navigate harmful socialization occurring in U.S. dominant culture, one which upholds a restrictive image of manhood that gives rise to health problems and social injustice. Drawing from relational-cultural theory, we frame the crises linked to hegemonic masculine socialization as shaped by interpersonal and sociocultural disconnections that keep boys and men in rigid confines of what is expected of “real men,” which are detrimental to their well-being and operate to maintain oppression and violence. To work against the relational and societal ways that hegemonic masculinity is taught and reinforced, we view boys’ and men’s experiences in connection with others and in community as the central context in which healthy masculinities develop. Experiences in growth-fostering relationships of empathy, mutuality, and empowerment can help boys and men reject hegemonic relational dynamics and promote human capacities for vulnerability, connection, and compassion into healthy and flexible ways of being men in the world. We view these relational experiences as critical to prevention, health promotion, and social change efforts at the social, community, and systems levels. To that end, we offer recommendations for interventions to engage boys and men in collectively dismantling hegemonic masculinity and developing healthy masculinities.

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Predicting men’s acceptance of sexual violence myths through conformity to masculine norms, sexism, and “locker room talk”.

Cited by 20 publications

References 43 publications

The politics of men’s and women’s traditional masculinity ideology in the United States.

The politics of men’s and women’s traditional masculinity ideology in the United States.

Not your submissive china doll: Counseling Asian American female survivors of sexual assault at the intersection of racialized sexism.

A relational-cultural framework for promoting healthy masculinities.

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