Predicting Potential Effects of Climate Change on Benthic Species: Current and Future Distribution of Native and Non-Native Charophytes and Amphipods

Abstract

The ongoing climate change is expected to affect the distribution and vitality of marine aquatic species through various links and changes in environmental conditions. The aim of the study was to analyse and compare climate change related effects on native and non-native benthic species groups in the Baltic Sea. We analysed the impact of changes on the charophytes (native Chara aspera and non-native Chara connivens) and gammarid amphipods (native Gammarus salinus and non-native Gammarus tigrinus). Currently, C. aspera and G. salinus are the most widespread and frequent species among charophytes and gammarids in NE Baltic Sea. C. connivens has been recorded in single locations in the 1960s, following the continuous enlargement of the distribution area since 2005. G. tigrinus has showed significant occupation success in the region since their first finding in 2003. The random forest modelling method was used to produce current species distribution models and to predict the potential changes of distribution based on future climate scenarios. In the brackish Baltic Sea, species are often living close to their salinity tolerance limits and the decrease in salinity will probably cause profound changes in distribution of both marine and freshwater species. Moreover, the model predictions showed that, probably due to wider salinity and temperature tolerance, the non-native species will gain advantages over native species. Due to climate change, a significant increase of the distribution areas of non-native species is expected to occur on account of the native species. The distribution area of C. connivens is predicted to double and G. tigrinus to increase by 15%. Changes in environmental conditions also favour the distribution of native charophyte C. aspera due to the freshwater origin of the species. However, the marine species G. salinus is predicted to lose 65% of its distribution area.

Increases in temperature and freshwater inputs will shift grazing patterns of a coastal mesograzer on foundation species

“…However, even these species are subject to global climate change and changes in the abiotic environment may support these invasive species even further (Kelley, 2014). The spatial distribution of G. tigrinus is assumed to increase with increases in water temperature and freshwater inputs in the Baltic Sea (Torn, Herkül, et al, 2020).…”

Eco-Evolutionary Dynamics in the Baltic Sea

“…Native gammarid amphipods, such as those used in our mesocosms, have low mortality at temperatures similar to those reached in our heated mesocosms (Casties et al 2019). Additionally, non-native gammarid amphipods are more tolerant to constant high temperatures as well as heat waves and their populations are predicted to expand in the Baltic Sea as temperatures warm, thus ensuring a constant food source for species that prey on amphipods (Sareyka et al 2011;Casties et al 2019;Torn et al 2020). Zooplankton abundance also increases with increasing water temperatures in the Baltic Sea (Aleksandrov et al 2009) and while we were unable to measure zooplankton abundance in our mesocosms or identify them in our stomach content analysis, there are indications that they are an important food source for stickleback in the Baltic (Eriksson et al 2021).…”