Predicting Precipitation Kinetics During the Annealing of Additive Manufactured Inconel 625 Components

Anderson, Magnus; Benson, J. T.; Brooks, Jeffery; Saunders, Benjamin; Basoalto, Hector

doi:10.1007/s40192-019-00134-7

Cited by 15 publications

(1 citation statement)

References 22 publications

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“…The Additive Manufacturing Benchmark Test Series (AM-Bench) 11 was developed by the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) to provide such data for validating and guiding AM simulations (Levine et al, 2020). ExaAM has adopted the AM-Bench measurements to define the relevant challenge problem, test its simulation results, and enable cross comparisons with simulations from other groups around the world (Anderson et al, 2019; Fan and Li, 2019; Gan et al, 2019; Kollmannsberger et al, 2019; Megahed et al, 2019; Robichaud et al, 2019; Yang et al, 2019).…”

Section: Challenge Problem Descriptionmentioning

confidence: 99%

ExaAM: Metal additive manufacturing simulation at the fidelity of the microstructure

Turner

Belak

Barton

et al. 2022

The International Journal of High Performance Computing Applica

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Additive manufacturing (AM), or 3D printing, of metals is transforming the fabrication of components, in part by dramatically expanding the design space, allowing optimization of shape and topology. However, although the physical processes involved in AM are similar to those of welding, a field with decades of experimental, modeling, simulation, and characterization experience, qualification of AM parts remains a challenge. The availability of exascale computational systems, particularly when combined with data-driven approaches such as machine learning, enables topology and shape optimization as well as accelerated qualification by providing process-aware, locally accurate microstructure and mechanical property models. We describe the physics components comprising the Exascale Additive Manufacturing simulation environment and report progress using highly resolved melt pool simulations to inform part-scale finite element thermomechanics simulations, drive microstructure evolution, and determine constitutive mechanical property relationships based on those microstructures using polycrystal plasticity. We report on implementation of these components for exascale computing architectures, as well as the multi-stage simulation workflow that provides a unique high-fidelity model of process–structure–property relationships for AM parts. In addition, we discuss verification and validation through collaboration with efforts such as AM-Bench, a set of benchmark test problems under development by a team led by the National Institute of Standards and Technology.

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Section: Challenge Problem Descriptionmentioning

confidence: 99%

ExaAM: Metal additive manufacturing simulation at the fidelity of the microstructure

Turner

Belak

Barton

et al. 2022

The International Journal of High Performance Computing Applica

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The Simulation of Post-Heat Treatment in Selective Laser Melting Additive Manufacturing

Yao

Wang

et al. 2021

Integr Mater Manuf Innov

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Effect of high temperature annealing on the microstructure evolution and hardness behavior of the Inconel 625 superalloy additively manufactured by laser powder bed fusion

Dubiel,

Gola,

Staroń

et al. 2023

Archiv.Civ.Mech.Eng

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Additive manufacturing of Inconel 625 components attracts great interest due to its ability to produce parts with complex geometries that are needed for high-temperature applications in the aerospace, energy, automotive and chemical industries. To take full advantage of the potential of additive manufacturing, an in-depth understanding of the effects of prolonged high-temperature annealing on microstructure and hardness evolution is needed. Previous research in this field has mainly focused on a limited range of temperature and time. This study aims to determine the effect of prolonged high-temperature annealing on the evolution of intermetallic phases and carbides, as well as changes in the dislocation substructure of Inconel 625 superalloy additively manufactured by laser powder bed fusion subjected to stress relief annealing and subsequent isothermal annealing at a temperature up to 800 °C for 5–500 h. The microstructure development is correlated with hardness behaviour. It is determined that the microstructure evolution proceeds in four stages with temperature and time increase. In the initial stress-relieved condition, a cellular microstructure with nano-sized precipitates of the Laves phase and NbC carbides at the cell walls occurs, and hardness is equal to 300 HV10. In the 1st stage of the microstructure evolution, the γ'' phase particles precipitate on the cell walls, which results in hardening up to 383 HV10 in the specimen annealed at 700 °C for 5 h. The 2nd stage involves the precipitation of the γ'' phase both on the cell walls and inside the cells, as well as the formation of dislocation networks, which contribute to the softening effect and hardness drop to 319 HV10. In the 3rd stage, at temperature 700 and 800 °C, the δ phase, M23C6 carbides, and the Laves phase precipitate and grow, and the subgrain boundaries are formed. The hardness is in the range of 340–350 HV10 and is higher than in the 2nd stage. In the 4th stage, as the annealing time is increased at a temperature of 800 °C, the δ phase and M23C6 carbides coagulate, and the Laves phase particles spheroidize or partially dissolve. Very intense precipitation and growth of the hard δ phase particles provide an increase in hardness to 402 HV10. As a result of systematic studies, the various strengthening and softening mechanisms acting during high-temperature annealing are determined. Graphical abstract

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Predicting Precipitation Kinetics During the Annealing of Additive Manufactured Inconel 625 Components

Cited by 15 publications

References 22 publications

ExaAM: Metal additive manufacturing simulation at the fidelity of the microstructure

ExaAM: Metal additive manufacturing simulation at the fidelity of the microstructure

The Simulation of Post-Heat Treatment in Selective Laser Melting Additive Manufacturing

Effect of high temperature annealing on the microstructure evolution and hardness behavior of the Inconel 625 superalloy additively manufactured by laser powder bed fusion

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