Predicting the effects of shade on water temperature in small streams

Rutherford, James; Blackett, Shane; Blackett, Colin; Saito, Laurel; Davies‐Colley, Robert J.

doi:10.1080/00288330.1997.9516801

Cited by 155 publications

(155 citation statements)

References 12 publications

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“…The results are not directly comparable to those of most existing studies which deal with smaller streams with a discharge of up to 0.03 m 3 /s (Story et al, 2003;Johnson, 2004;Rutherford et al, 2004;Moore et al, 2005;Gomi et al, 2006). Rutherford et al (1997) mentioned 1st order streams need 250 m to 500 m; 2nd order 500 m to 1.5 km and 3rd order 1.5 km to 5 km unshaded sections in order to heat the water by 5°C. stated that around 0.5 km of complete shade is necessary to decrease WT by 1°C in July at a headwater site; whereas 1.1 km shade is needed 25 km downstream.…”

Section: Vsi and Its Spatial Scale In Terms Of Water Temperaturecontrasting

confidence: 41%

“…This highlights the importance and possibilities of riparian vegetation management and the need for at least a degree of riparian vegetation as previously stated in Holzapfel et al (2013). Rutherford et al (1997) also emphasizes that a natural shading of 95-99% radiation reduction is not necessary and 70% is sufficient. In the present study, sites with VSI 6000 of about 0.4 (40% density) had a significant effect on preventing WT increase in pre-alpine conditions.…”

Section: Water Temperature Variationsmentioning

confidence: 62%

“…They recorded total energy gains dominated by a net short-wave radiation of 97.6%. Solar radiation reaching the stream is influenced by different topographic factors, including the prevailing riparian vegetation buffer, which can decrease incoming energy by up to 95% (Rutherford et al, 1997;Moore et al, 2005;DeWalle, 2010). During summer heatwave periods in particular, solar energy plays a key role in influencing stream energy heat budget, and consequently stream water temperature (Johnson, 2004;Leach and Moore, 2010;Groom et al, 2011).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The influence of riparian vegetation shading on water temperature during low flow conditions in a medium sized river

Kalny

Laaha

Melcher

et al. 2017

Knowl. Manag. Aquat. Ecosyst.

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-Stream water temperature limits the growth and survival of aquatic organisms; whereby riparian shading plays a key role in inhibiting river warming. This study explains the effects of riparian shading on summer water temperatures at a pre-alpine Austrian river, during heatwave and nonheatwave periods at low flow conditions. A vegetation-shading index was introduced for the quantification of riparian vegetation effects on water temperature. For maximum water temperatures, a downstream warming of 3.9°C was observed in unshaded areas, followed by a downstream cooling of 3.5°C in shaded reaches. Water temperature directly responded to air temperature and cloudiness. For an air temperature change of 2°C we modelled a water temperature change of 1.3°C for unshaded reaches, but lower changes for intensively shaded reaches. Similar daily variations at shaded reaches were up to 4°C lower than unshaded ones. This study gives clear evidence that for a medium-sized prealpine river, restoration practices should consider that discontinuity of riparian vegetation should be less than 6000 m; with more than 40% dense vegetation in order to minimize water temperature increases due to unshaded conditions. Keywords: riparian vegetation / vegetation-shading index / water temperature / river vegetation management / restorationRésumé -L'influence de la végétation rivulaire sur la température de l'eau pendant les conditions de faible débit dans une rivière de taille moyenne. La température de l'eau d'une rivière limite la croissance et la survie des organismes aquatiques ; de ce fait l'ombrage rivulaire joue un rôle clé dans la limitation du réchauffement des rivières. Cette étude analyse les effets de l'ombrage rivulaire sur les températures estivales de l'eau dans une rivière autrichienne préalpine, pendant les périodes de canicule et de non-canicule à faible débit. Un indice d'ombrage de la végétation a été introduit pour la quantification des effets de la végétation rivulaire sur la température de l'eau. Pour les températures maximales de l'eau, un réchauffement en aval de 3,9°C a été observé dans les zones non ombragées, suivi d'un refroidissement en aval de 3,5°C dans les zones ombragées. La température de l'eau a répondu directement à la température de l'air et à la nébulosité. Pour un changement de température de l'air de 2°C, nous avons modélisé un changement de température de l'eau de 1,3°C pour les zones non ombragées, mais des changements plus faibles pour les niveaux intensivement ombragés. Des variations quotidiennes semblables dans des zones ombragées étaient jusqu'à 4°C inférieures à celles non ombragées. Cette étude montre clairement que pour une rivière préalpine de taille moyenne, les pratiques de restauration devraient considérer que la discontinuité de la végétation riveraine doit être

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Section: Vsi and Its Spatial Scale In Terms Of Water Temperaturecontrasting

confidence: 41%

Section: Water Temperature Variationsmentioning

confidence: 62%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The influence of riparian vegetation shading on water temperature during low flow conditions in a medium sized river

Kalny

Laaha

Melcher

et al. 2017

Knowl. Manag. Aquat. Ecosyst.

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“…It has been postulated that in New Zealand high temperature excludes some important but temperature sensitive macroinvertebrates from warm streams, thereby reducing species diversity and affecting the ability of grazers to control periphyton biomass (Quinn et al 1994;Scarsbrook et al in press). A variety of human activities can increase stream temperatures, including the discharge of heated effluents from power plants, water abstraction, and the removal of riparian shade (Mosley 1982;Quinn et al 1994;Rutherford et al 1997). Benthic macroinvertebrate communities are commonly used by managers as indicators of ecosystem health and for effective stream management, reliable estimates are required of the thermal tolerance of key species.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Rutherford et al (1997) advocated the conservative approach of applying such limits to the daily maximum temperature. Cox & Rutherford (2000) conducted laboratory experiments using Deleatidium autumnale and Potamopyrgus antipodarum in which test animals were exposed for 96 h to constant high temperatures and to temperatures that varied diurnally with an amplitude of ±5°C.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Predicting the effects of time‐varying temperatures on stream invertebrate mortality

Cox

Rutherford²

2000

New Zealand Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research

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Stream managers often need to predict the impacts of high and time-varying temperature on key stream invertebrates. A simplified model has been developed and calibrated using mortality observations made at constant temperature for two important New Zealand stream invertebrates: the snail Potamopyrgus antipodarum and the mayfly Deleatidium autumnale. A close fit was obtained for Deleatidium but Potamopyrgus showed evidence of acclimation during the 96-h tests. The model successfully predicted the mortality observed when temperature varied diurnally by ±5°C in seven experiments but over-estimated mortality in the eighth. The experiments used to calibrate and test the model were performed on test animals collected in winter (April-June) and acclimated at 16-17°C. The model was less successful at predicting mortality on Deleatidium collected in summer (December-January) and/or acclimated at 21-22°C. The likely reason is that the model, calibrated using winter data, does not account for summer acclimation.

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Seeing the landscape for the trees: Metrics to guide riparian shade management in river catchments

Johnson

Wilby

2015

Water Resources Research

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Rising water temperature (Tw) due to anthropogenic climate change may have serious consequences for river ecosystems. Conservation and/or expansion of riparian shade could counter warming and buy time for ecosystems to adapt. However, sensitivity of river reaches to direct solar radiation is highly heterogeneous in space and time, so benefits of shading are also expected to be site specific. We use a network of high-resolution temperature measurements from two upland rivers in the UK, in conjunction with topographic shade modeling, to assess the relative significance of landscape and riparian shade to the thermal behavior of river reaches. Trees occupy 7% of the study catchments (comparable with the UK national average) yet shade covers 52% of the area and is concentrated along river corridors. Riparian shade is most beneficial for managing Tw at distances 5-20 km downstream from the source of the rivers where discharge is modest, flow is dominated by near-surface hydrological pathways, there is a wide floodplain with little landscape shade, and where cumulative solar exposure times are sufficient to affect Tw. For the rivers studied, we find that approximately 0.5 km of complete shade is necessary to off-set Tw by 18C during July (the month with peak Tw) at a headwater site; whereas 1.1 km of shade is required 25 km downstream. Further research is needed to assess the integrated effect of future changes in air temperature, sunshine duration, direct solar radiation, and downward diffuse radiation on Tw to help tree planting schemes achieve intended outcomes.

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Predicting the effects of shade on water temperature in small streams

Cited by 155 publications

References 12 publications

The influence of riparian vegetation shading on water temperature during low flow conditions in a medium sized river

The influence of riparian vegetation shading on water temperature during low flow conditions in a medium sized river

Predicting the effects of time‐varying temperatures on stream invertebrate mortality

Seeing the landscape for the trees: Metrics to guide riparian shade management in river catchments

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