Predicting the induction hardened case in 42CrMo4 cylinders

Areitioaurtena, Maialen; Segurajauregi, Unai; Urresti, I.; Fisk, Martin; Ukar, Eneko

doi:10.1016/j.procir.2020.02.034

Cited by 16 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 7 publications

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“…In contrary, parts are treated separately during induction and laser hardening. One main advantage of these processes is the localized heating provided by induction or the high intensity laser beam resulting in efficient short austenitization times [7,8]. So far, none of the mentioned heat treatment methods is applicable to hard accessible inner surfaces.…”

Section: State Of the Artmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The cooling of the inner borehole and the cooling/re-heating of the outer surface was realized using the temperature boundaries ϑ 1 and ϑ 2 (see Figure 3). In the case of an uncontrolled cooling of the inner surface, the heat fluxq from the inner surface was modeled using Equation (8), with the surface temperature T s , the quenchant temperature T q and the heat transfer coefficient α. Based on the findings in [14], a constant heat transfer coefficient was chosen.…”

Section: Modelmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Improving the Inner Surface State of Thick-Walled Tubes by Heat Treatments with Internal Quenching Considering a Simulation Based Optimization

et al. 2020

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Internal Quenching is an innovative heat treatment method for difficult to access component sections. Especially, the microstructure, as well as the residual stress state at inner surfaces, of thick-walled tubes can be adjusted with the presented flexible heat treatment process. Based on multiphysical FE-models of two different steels, a simulative optimization study, considering different internal quenching strategies, was performed in order to find the optimal cooling conditions. The focus hereby was on the adjustment of a martensitic inner surface with high compressive residual stresses. The simulatively determined optimal cooling strategies were carried out experimentally and analyzed. A good agreement of the resulting hardness and residual stresses was achieved, validating the presented Fe-model of the Internal Quenching process. The shown results also indicate that the arising inner surface state is very sensitive to the transformation behavior of the used steel. Furthermore, the presented study shows that a preliminary simulative consideration of the heat treatment process helps to evaluate significant effects, reducing the experimental effort and time.

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Section: State Of the Artmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Modelmentioning

confidence: 99%

Improving the Inner Surface State of Thick-Walled Tubes by Heat Treatments with Internal Quenching Considering a Simulation Based Optimization

et al. 2020

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“…[6][7][8] Many researchers focused on the experimental and numerical simulation of laser surface hardening process and the evaluation of fatigue life with a hardened layer. [9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21] Liverani et al 9 established the numerical model and investigated the influence of incident laser poser and scanning velocity on the hardened depth and residual stress state for medium carbon steel components. The analytical and numerical models have been provided for evaluation of the temperature distribution during laser surface hardening process.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Numerical simulation and experimental study on laser hardening process of the 42CrMo4 steel

Zhang

Zhu

et al. 2021

Advances in Mechanical Engineering

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The large diameter pitch bearing was made of steel 42CrMo4 and the laser hardening process was used to improve its surface properties. In this paper, a numerical approach which can predict the temperature field and the hardened depth is provided for the laser hardening process of the 42CrMo4 steel. According to the simplification of the raceway structure of pitch bearing, the finite element model was constructed using ABAQUS software. Based on the actual process parameters, the transient thermal analysis was accomplished and the distribution of temperature field is analyzed. The hardened depth is determined according to the proposed temperature range. Laser power, laser scanning speed, and spot diameter were considered as input parameters, the experimental studies were performed based on orthogonal design in order to study the effects of process parameters. The finite element model is validated. The surface roughness and microstructure studies on treated surfaces were conducted. Also the micro-hardness testing was performed. The results show that the laser hardening increases surface hardness by about 3.8 times than that of the base material. The three parameters of laser power, laser scanning speed, and spot diameter have a coupling effect on the surface treatment. The input laser power density is more important.

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“…Due to the excellent surface integrity, IH can effectively improve the fatigue performance and prolong the service life of the part. [ 12 ] Meanwhile, the investigation on the microstructure evolution combined with strengthening mechanisms of IH with different flow rates (FLs) was hardly studied. In this article, the emphasis is to understand the relationship between surface hardness and tribological characteristics, as well as microstructure.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of Microstructure on Hardness and Wear Properties of 45 Steel after Induction Hardening

Cao

Liu

et al. 2021

steel research int.

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Herein, the mechanical properties and microstructural evolution of 45 steel subjected to induction hardening (IH) is studied. To study the strengthening mechanism of IH on the 45 steel, the flow rate (FL) with 50, 60, and 70 L min−1 are chosen to cool the samples. The hardness distribution in the near‐surface layer is measured by a CARAT 930 Vickers hardness tester. The metallographic structures of the 45 steel with and without IH are analyzed by optical microscope (OM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The phase analysis in the surface layer is determined by X‐ray diffraction (XRD). Combined with OM and hardness distribution, the results indicate that bainite is the reason for the low hardness of the raw material. Also the wear mechanism of 45 steel changes from adhesive wear and delamination to abrasive wear. Moreover, when FL increases from 50 to 70 L min−1, the surface hardness of 45 steel raises by 19.86% and the coefficient of friction reduces from 0.122 to 0.0418. Combined with TEM analysis, the determinate factors of surface hardness and tribological characteristics owes to martensite grain refinement, during the process of transforming austenite to martensite. Dislocations provide conditions for martensite nucleation, the driving force of the phase change generated by thermal deformation and FL drop provides energy for martensite nucleation.

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Predicting the induction hardened case in 42CrMo4 cylinders

Cited by 16 publications

References 7 publications

Improving the Inner Surface State of Thick-Walled Tubes by Heat Treatments with Internal Quenching Considering a Simulation Based Optimization

Improving the Inner Surface State of Thick-Walled Tubes by Heat Treatments with Internal Quenching Considering a Simulation Based Optimization

Numerical simulation and experimental study on laser hardening process of the 42CrMo4 steel

Effect of Microstructure on Hardness and Wear Properties of 45 Steel after Induction Hardening

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