Predicting the profile of nutrients available for absorption: from nutrient requirement to animal response and environmental impact

Dijkstra, J.; Kebreab, E.; Mills, J.A.N.; Pellikaan, W.F.; López, Secundino; Bannink, A.

doi:10.1017/s1751731107657760

Cited by 63 publications

(43 citation statements)

References 70 publications

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“…The statistical models derived in this study could be used to determine important factors affecting P use efficiency in dairy cows with the aim to incorporate these factors in a mechanistic model of P metabolism. Increasing interest in environmental issues has stimulated further development of nutrient-based mechanistic models within an environmental framework, and the need exists to include variation at the animal level in such nutrient-based mechanistic models (Dijkstra et al, 2007). In one extant mechanistic model of P metabolism in dairy cows (Hill et al, 2008), dietary P is the only dietary component included.…”

Section: Recommendations For Further Researchmentioning

confidence: 99%

Meta-analysis of factors that affect the utilization efficiency of phosphorus in lactating dairy cows

Klop

Ellis

Bannink

et al. 2013

Journal of Dairy Science

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A meta-analysis investigation based on literature data was conducted to estimate the effect size of nutritional and animal factors on phosphorus (P) excretion in feces and concentrations of P in milk. Two data sets were created for statistical analysis: One to derive prediction equations for P in feces (25 studies; 130 treatments) and another for P in milk (19 studies; 94 treatments). Prediction equations were derived using mixed model regression analysis with a random effect for study, and equations were evaluated based on values for Bayesian information criterion (BIC), root mean square prediction error (RMSPE), and concordance correlation coefficient (CCC) statistics. In terms of RMSPE and CCC values, fecal P excretion was best predicted by P intake, where P in feces (g/d) = −3.8(±3.45) + 0.64(±0.038) × P intake (g/d) (RMSPE: 18.3%, CCC: 0.869). However, significant effects of crude protein [g/ kg of dry matter (DM)], neutral detergent fiber (g/kg of DM), and milk yield (kg/d) on fecal P excretion were also found. Despite a lack of improvement in terms of RMSPE and CCC values, these parameters may still explain part of the variation in fecal P excretion. For milk P, expressed as a fraction of P intake, the following equation had the highest CCC and the lowest RMSPE value: P in milk as a fraction of P intake (g/g) = 0.42(±0.065) + 0.23(±0.018) × feed efficiency (i.e., fat-and protein-corrected milk yield/dry matter intake) − 0.11(±0.0199) × P in feed (g/kg of DM) (RMSPE: 19.7%; CCC: 0.761). Equations derived to predict fecal P as a fraction of P intake (g/g) or milk P content (g/ kg) could not adequately explain the observed variation and did not perform well in terms of RMSPE and CCC values. Examination of the residuals showed that P balance was a seemingly confounding factor in some of the models. The results presented here can be used to estimate P in feces and milk based on commonly measured dietary and milk variables, but could also be used to guide development of mechanistic models on P metabolism in lactating dairy cattle. Factors to consider in future research and modeling efforts regarding efficiency of P use include the effects of dietary neutral detergent fiber, crude protein, starch, variation in P content of milk, and effects of P resorption from bone and body tissues during early lactation.

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Section: Recommendations For Further Researchmentioning

confidence: 99%

Meta-analysis of factors that affect the utilization efficiency of phosphorus in lactating dairy cows

Klop

Ellis

Bannink

et al. 2013

Journal of Dairy Science

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“…There is a need to predict not only the nutritional requirements but also the response of animals to diet changes (Oldham and Emmans, 1989;Sauvant, 1992;Dijkstra et al, 2007). In order to be able to predict responses, three key processes need to be quantified.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Milk yield and milk composition responses to change in predicted net energy and metabolizable protein: a meta-analysis

Daniel

Friggens

Chapoutot

et al. 2016

animal

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Using a meta-analysis of literature data, this study aimed to quantify the dry matter (DM) intake response to changes in diet composition, and milk responses (yield, milk component yields and milk composition) to changes in dietary net energy for lactation (NE L ) and metabolizable protein (MP) in dairy cows. From all studies included in the database, 282 experiments (825 treatments) with experimentally induced changes in either NE L or MP content were kept for this analysis. These treatments covered a wide range of diet characteristics and therefore a large part of the plausible NE L and MP contents and supplies that can be expected in practical situations. The average MP and NE L contents were, respectively (mean ± SD), 97 ± 12 g/kg DM and 6.71 ± 0.42 MJ/kg DM. On a daily supply basis, there were high between-experiment correlations for MP and NE L above maintenance. Therefore, supplies of MP and NE L above maintenance were, respectively, centred on MP supply for which MP efficiency into milk protein is 0.67, and NE L above maintenance supply for which the ratio of NE L milk/NE L above maintenance is 1.00 (centred variables were called MP 67 and NE L100 ). The majority of the selected studies used groups of multiparous Holstein-Friesian cows in mid lactation, milked twice a day. Using a mixed model, between-and within-experiment variation was split to estimate DM intake and milk responses. The use of NE L100 and MP 67 supplies substantially improved the accuracy of the prediction of milk yield and milk component yields responses with, on average, a 27% lower root mean square error (RMSE) relative to using dietary NE L and MP contents as predictors. For milk composition (g/kg), the average RMSE was only 3% lower on a supply basis compared with a concentration basis. Effects of NE L and MP supplies on milk yield and milk component yields responses were additive. Increasing NE L supply increases energy partitioning towards body reserve, whereas increasing MP supply increases the partition of energy towards milk. On a nitrogen basis, the marginal efficiency decreases with increasing MP supply from 0.34 at MP 67 = −400 g/day to 0.07 at MP 67 = 300 g/day. This difference in MP 67 supply, assuming reference energy level of NE L100 = 0, equates to a global nitrogen efficiency decrease from 0.82 to 0.58. The equations accurately describe DM intake response to change in dietary contents and milk responses to change in dietary supply and content of NE L and MP across a wide range of dietary compositions.Keywords: dairy cow, milk composition, energy, protein, meta-analysis Implications Current feed evaluation systems are not suitable to predict animal responses to dietary changes. This paper quantifies average dry matter intake, milk yield and milk composition responses to change in net energy and metabolizable protein. The equations were derived from a meta-analysis of literature studies, which assembles a large number of dairy cow rations with a large range in dietary net energy and metabolizable protein contents.

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“…Agricultural and Food Research Council, Agricultural and Food Research Council (AFRC), 1993;Van Duinkerken et al, 2011). Moreover, the fractional rate of passage is a major determinant of microbial protein efficiency (Dijkstra et al, 2007). Conventional studies on digesta passage dynamics often make use of external markers, for example, rare earth elements, heavy metal mordants/chelates, metal oxides and polyethylene glycol (Faichney, 1975;MacRae, 1975;Udé n et al, 1980;Colucci et al, 1990;Bosch et al, 1992;Stefanon et al, 1992) or internal markers, for example, indigestible -E-mail: wilbert.pellikaan@wur.nl fibre fractions such as rumen indigestible NDF and cellulase indigestible ADF (Tamminga et al, 1989a and1989b).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

δ13C as a marker to study digesta passage kinetics in ruminants: a combined in vivo and in vitro study

Pellikaan

Verstegen

Tamminga

et al. 2013

Animal

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The aim of the current study was to explore the use of the tracer 13C as an internal marker to assess feed fraction-specific digesta passage kinetics through the digestive tract of dairy cows. Knowledge on feed-specific fractional passage rates is essential to improve estimations on the extent of rumen degradation and microbial protein efficiency; however, this information is largely lacking. An in vivo and in vitro experiment was conducted with grass silages (Lolium perenne L.) that were enriched with 13C by growing the grass under elevated 13CO2 conditions. In a crossover design, two dairy cows received pulse doses of two 13C-enriched grass silages and chromium-mordanted neutral detergent fibre (Cr-NDF) into the rumen. The two 13C-enriched grass silages used differed in digestibility and were grown under identical field conditions as the bulk silages fed to the animals. Faecal excretion patterns of 13C-enriched dry matter (13C-DM), neutral detergent fibre (13C-NDF) and Cr-NDF were established, and a nonlinear multicompartmental model was used to determine their rumen passage kinetics. In addition, the 13C-enriched silages were incubated in rumen liquid in an in vitro batch culture system at different time intervals to determine the effect of fermentation on 13C-enrichment in the residue. The in vitro study showed that the 13C : 12C ratios in DM and NDF residues remained stable from 24 h of incubation onwards. In addition, in vitro fractional degradation rates for 12C in the DM and NDF did not differ from those of 13C, indicating that fermentative degradation does not affect the 13C : 12C ratio in the DM nor in the NDF fraction of the residue. Model fits to the faecal excretion curves showed a significant difference in fractional rumen passage rates between Cr-NDF, 13C-DM and 13C-NDF (P ⩽ 0.025). Silage type had no clear effect on rumen passage kinetics (P ⩾ 0.081). Moreover, it showed that peak enrichments for 13C-DM and 13C-NDF in faeces were reached at 30.7 and 41.7 h post dosing, respectively. This is well after the time (24 h) when the 13C : 12C ratios of the in vitro unfermented residues have reached stable enrichment level. Fractional rate constants for particle passage from the rumen are estimated from the descending slope of faecal excretion curves. The present study shows that the decline in 13C : 12C ratio after peak enrichment is not affected by fermentative degradation and therefore can be used to assess feed component-specific fractional passage rates.

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Predicting the profile of nutrients available for absorption: from nutrient requirement to animal response and environmental impact

Cited by 63 publications

References 70 publications

Meta-analysis of factors that affect the utilization efficiency of phosphorus in lactating dairy cows

Meta-analysis of factors that affect the utilization efficiency of phosphorus in lactating dairy cows

Milk yield and milk composition responses to change in predicted net energy and metabolizable protein: a meta-analysis

δ13C as a marker to study digesta passage kinetics in ruminants: a combined in vivo and in vitro study

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