Predicting trace organic compound attenuation by ozone oxidation: Development of indicator and surrogate models

Removal of Pharmaceuticals, Toxicity and Natural Fluorescence by Ozonation in Biologically Pre-Treated Municipal Wastewater, in Comparison to Subsequent Polishing Biofilm Reactors

“…Previous studies have found that total fluorescence (∆TF) used as an online surrogate during ozonation of wastewater, which is more stable and reliable than UV 254 , has displayed a concrete ability to predict changes in TrOC concentrations in wastewater (R 2 > 0.7) [23,24,40]. Thus, we could conclude that change in fluorescence intensity has potential as a surrogate to represent the elimination trend of pharmaceuticals in wastewater during ozonation.…”

“…To reduce the time and analysis costs of examining pharmaceuticals with chromatography techniques, fluorescence monitoring seems to be an alternative. Previous studies show that fluorescence with a 254 nm excitation wavelength and UV 254 used as an online or offline surrogate parameter is able to predicate solidly the removal of TrOCs by ozonation [22][23][24]. Hence, fluorescence monitoring can be used to indirectly express the removal degree of pharmaceuticals in wastewater by ozonation when LC-MS/MS is not involved.…”

Challenges and opportunities at the nexus of energy, water, and food: A perspective from the southwest United States

“…Traditional water purification technologies, and even some of the more advanced membrane separation technologies, may not fully remove micropollutants to levels that are acceptable for human consumption or for use in industrial and agricultural processes that require high water purities. [119][120][121][122][123][124] Micropollutants include low molecular weight, low polarity pharmaceuticals, personal care products, industrial compounds, pesticides, hormones, and low molecular weight surfactants used in energy extraction. Their identities and concentrations vary substantially depending upon the water source.…”

“…Several different AOPs have been developed over the last 20 years using extremely oxidizing reactants and are designed to degrade both residual pathogenic microorganisms and micropollutants. 70,[119][120][121][122][123][124][125][126] The desired outcome is degradation of the contaminant to a product which can be easily removed, and for which there are no health consequences. The less desired outcome, which may arise as new chemically stable micropollutants emerge in our water systems, is the difficult-to-remove degradation products, which have risks to health and safety, are created.…”

“…The less desired outcome, which may arise as new chemically stable micropollutants emerge in our water systems, is the difficult-to-remove degradation products, which have risks to health and safety, are created. 119,122,127,128 AOPs typically involve generation of the strongest possible oxidizing conditions and use combinations of hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 ), ozone (O 3 ), and ultraviolet (e.g., 254 nm) illumination (UV), to generate hydroxyl radicals (OH˙). Hydroxyl radicals easily cleave the most labile bonds in most small molecules and ideally degrade these molecules to smaller, and hopefully benign, molecular fragments.…”