Prediction of Azodicarbonamide in Flour Using Near-Infrared Spectroscopy Technique

Abstract

Abstracts Azodicarbonamide is wildly used as a flour gluten fortifier in many countries, but according to the research results of toxicology of azodicarbonamide, its acute toxicity is slightly toxic. A dosage of 10 g/kg is lethal to mice, and it was proved by some researches to be dangerous or unhealthy for people and not suitable to be added in flour; hence, there is a need to identify the concentration of azodicarbonamide in flour quickly. Compared to traditional methods like highperformance liquid chromatography, the core advantage of near-infrared reflectance spectroscopy is rapid and economical. Spectral data in a range of 850 to 1050 nm were obtained by scanning 101 samples with different concentrations. The Mahalanobis distance method was used to distinguish abnormal spectral data, and the correlation coefficient method was used to choose characteristic wave bands. Radial basis function in combination with near-infrared reflectance spectroscopy was used to establish models in accordance. The limit of quantitation and the limit of detection of the first model were 72 and 15 mg/kg, respectively. Through analyzing the relative tolerances of predictive values and true values, the method of secondary modeling was proposed for low-concentration (72 mg/kg) samples. The predictions showed that nearinfrared reflectance spectroscopy could be used for detecting the content of azodicarbonamide added to flour.

Application of near-infrared spectroscopy for the nondestructive analysis of wheat flour: A review

“…The results indicated that the R 2 values of lime and calcium carbonate using the PLS algorithm were 99.80% and 96.98%, the RMSEC were 0.19 and 0.34, the RMSECV were 0.26 and 0.75, the RMSEP were 0.63 and 0.44, and the RPD were 8.57 and 5.24, respectively. In terms of azodicarbonamide (ADA) detection, Gao et al (2016) utilized NIR spectroscopy in combination with RBF to quantitatively detect the content of ADA in wheat flour. The established model presented good prediction indicators, with R, RMSEP, and RPD values of 0.97828, 18.2887 mg/kg, and 4.7621, respectively.…”

A Colorimetric Sensor for the Visual Detection of Azodicarbonamide in Flour Based on Azodicarbonamide-Induced Anti-Aggregation of Gold Nanoparticles

“…To date, many methods have been developed for the determination of ADA in flour, but most of them require sophisticated/expensive instrument and time-consuming pretreatment, which lead to a longer analysis time and higher cost. − Compared with these methods, our method has obvious analytical advantages such as low cost, short analysis time, and instrument-free, which is suitable for the rapid and on-site detection of ADA in flour sample.…”

“…Currently, the main methods used for the detection of ADA in flour included direct methods and indirect methods. Direct methods included infrared spectrometry (IR), Raman spectrometry, capillary electrophoresis, and high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). − Indirect methods are those by which ADA was first converted into semicarbazide hydrochloride, and then the semicarbazide hydrochloride was determined with liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (LC-MS) or enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). ,− Both direct and indirect methods have obvious shortcomings such as laborious and time-consuming pretreatment of sample, sophisticated and expensive instrumentation, and higher cost, and do not meet the requirement of rapid and on-site detection. Recently, some rapid methods have been developed for the detection of ADA in food based on surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS). , However, these rapid methods also require sophisticated instruments and have higher cost.…”

Non-Destructive Quantitative Analysis of Azodicarbonamide Additives in Wheat Flour by High-Throughput Raman Imaging

“…As the optoelectronic technology develops, some spectroscopy methods have been shown reliable in the detection of wheat flour additives, such as fluorescence spectroscopy [Chen et al, 2011], Raman spectroscopy [Cebi et al, 2017], near-infrared spectroscopy [Che et al, 2017;Gao et al, 2016], and terahertz spectroscopy [Hu et al, 2020;Sun et al, 2019]. However, these spectral methods only obtain the information of a single sampling point, which poses the problem of sampling representativeness.…”