Prediction of geothermal originated boron contamination by deep learning approach: at Western Anatolia Geothermal Systems in Turkey

The importance of long-term well management in geothermal power systems using fuzzy control: A Western Anatolia (Turkey) case study

“…Each geothermal power project investment requires a comprehensive feasibility study, which includes different energy production scenarios for the long production license periods. These production scenarios include mathematical reservoir predictions; however, geothermal system behaviors may change during the production time, and some undefined reservoir characteristics regarding production and reinjection interaction at depth or external factors such as another geothermal power plant installation close to the existing power plant [ 43 ]. Deep geothermal reservoirs are thus generally complex and dynamic systems and sometimes even detailed geology, geochemistry and reservoir studies cannot understand the unknown cases at the underground conditions that directly affect the production scenarios.…”

“…The Kızıldere geothermal system is formed by highly fractured zones due to the Aegean Extensional Zone and consists of a few reservoirs at depth [ 43 ].…”

“…It is noted that geothermal power plants (GPP) are base load electricity supplying systems and have higher capacity factors (>80%) like other thermal power plants but less CO 2 emissions [ 7 , 8 ]. The total installed geothermal power capacity is around 16 GWe the world, with Turkey estimated to produce around 10% of this by 2020 [ 9 ]. If the Covid-19 pandemic does not affect ongoing global geothermal power projects, the total installed capacity will exceed 17 GWe in 2021.…”

“…Fuzzy control is an approach that allows the definition of intermediate values between clear evaluations such as “true or false,” and it is widely applied in a variety of engineering sciences [ 14 ]. Although the application of artificial intelligence methods for different purposes in geothermal systems has been started in recent years, methods such as artificial neural networks, machine learning can enable optimization in systems by using mostly historical data [ 9 , [18] , [19] , [20] ]. The fuzzy control is a more suitable method for decision mechanisms that will rapidly optimize the instantaneous changes in production and reinjection wells under dynamic geothermal reservoir conditions.…”

Geothermal Field Research using Gravity and Electric data in Afyonkarahisar Province of Western Turkey

“…Many studies have been carried out by Tezcan (1971) and other researchers (Long, et al, 1980;Volpi, et al, 2003;Bibby et al, 2005;Kagel, et al, 2007;Cumming, 2009;Sanliyuksel and Baba, 2011;Zouzias et al, 2011;Flóvenz, et al, 2012;Gorecki et al, 2015;Kana, et al, 2015;DomraKana, et al, 2015;Tang, et al, 2017;Arzate, et al, 2018;Gültekin et al, 2019;Haklidir et al, 2020) to determine potential geothermal areas using geophysical methods.…”