Prediction of Mode I interlaminar fracture toughness of stitched flax fiber composites

Ravandi, Mohammad Reza Ghotbi; Teo, Wern Sze; Yong, M. S.; Tay, T.E.

doi:10.1007/s10853-017-1859-y

Cited by 24 publications

(20 citation statements)

References 41 publications

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“…Figure 9b confirms unique behavior for all of the DCB specimens and shows good repeatability of the tests for a NFRPC. This behavior of the DCBs perfectly agrees with the observations of Ravanid et al [62][63][64] for woven and UD-FFREC DCBs, which were stiffened by GFRP/CFRP tabs on both sides, as well as with those of Bensadoun et al [57] for cross-ply (UD [0 90]4s) FFRECs laminate stiffened likewise and those of Saidaine et al [68] for woven flax/epoxy composite. Investigating woven/vinyl-ester DCB specimens, Almansour et al [47] also observed an initial linear response followed by a nonlinear curve up to the peak load.…”

Section: Mode I Interlaminar Fracture Toughnesssupporting

confidence: 88%

“…It should be noted that they have used Modified Compliance Calibration method but have stated that used Modified Beam Theory (MBT). Ravandi et al [62][63][64] conducted experimental investigations, according to ASTM D5528, and numerical analysis, using FEM, to study and predict the effects of through-the-thickness stitching and reinforcement architecture on the G IC of the UD (V f ≈ 0.31) and woven fabric (V f ≈ 0.40) FFRECs. The authors tested double cantilever beams (DCBs), according to ASTM D5528, to determine the G IC of the FFRECs as well as UD-glass/epoxy (V f = 0.60) composites, and observed that average G IC of the UD-glass/epoxy was less than half of that of unstitched UD-FFRECs (G IC ≈ 1.3 kJ/m 2 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Their published average initiation G IIC values for the dry flax and flax/basalt hybrid composites are 253 J/m 2 , and 400 J/m 2 , respectively. Nevertheless, considering that the basalt plies are located at the surface of the laminate, while the IFT is being evaluated between flax plies at the mid-plane, the basalt layers have the same function that the stiffeners (bonded as tabs to the skin of DCB and ENF test specimens to avoid large deformations and specimens arm failure) used by some researchers measuring the IFT of flax composites have [57,[62][63][64][65]. Accordingly, the findings of these studies show that the stiffeners affect the values of both Mode I and Mode II IFT, which contradicts the assumption of these researchers.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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A Study of the Interlaminar Fracture Toughness of Unidirectional Flax/Epoxy Composites

et al. 2020

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Having environmental and economic advantages, flax fibers have been recognized as a potential replacement for glass fibers as reinforcement in epoxy composites for various applications. Its widening applications require employing failure criteria and analysis methods for engineering design, analysis, and optimization of this material. Among different failure modes, delamination is known as one of the earliest ones in laminated composites and needs to be studied in detail. However, the delamination characteristics of unidirectional (UD) flax/epoxy composites in pure Mode I has rarely been addressed, while Mode II and Mixed-mode I/II have never been addressed before. This work studies and evaluates the interlaminar fracture toughness and delamination behavior of UD flax/epoxy composite under Mode I, Mode II, and Mixed-mode I/II loading. The composites were tested following corresponding ASTM standards and fulfilled all the requirements. The interlaminar fracture toughness of the composite were determined and validated based on the specific characteristics of natural fibers. Considering the variation in the composite structure configuration and its effects, the results of interlaminar fracture toughness fit in the range of those reported for similar composites in the literature and provide a basis for the material properties of this composite.

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Section: Mode I Interlaminar Fracture Toughnesssupporting

confidence: 88%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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A Study of the Interlaminar Fracture Toughness of Unidirectional Flax/Epoxy Composites

et al. 2020

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“…The cohesive zone length is generally smaller under Mode I loading condition. 32,33 Therefore, in this study, the mesh size is chosen based on the cohesive zone length for Mode I loading. Additionally, a mesh refinement study is conducted with three different meshes, 0.75 mm, 0.60 mm and 0.5 mm to ensure the accuracy and convergence of results.…”

Section: Fem Simulation and Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of interlayer carbon fiber dispersion on the low-velocity impact performance of woven flax-carbon hybrid composites

Ravandi

Kureemun

Banu

et al. 2018

Journal of Composite Materials

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This work investigates the effects of interlayer hybrid fiber dispersion on the impact response of carbon-flax epoxy hybrid laminates at low carbon volume fractions, and benchmarks the mechanical performance enhancement against the non-hybrid flax epoxy. Five hybrid laminate stacking sequences with similar carbon-to-flax weight ratio were fabricated and subjected to low-velocity impact at three different energy values, generating non-perforated and perforated damage states. A virtual drop-weight impact test that models intralaminar failure based on continuum damage mechanics approach, and delamination using cohesive elements, was also implemented to evaluate the material behavior and damage development in the composites. Simulation results were then verified against experimental data. Results suggested that positioning stiffer carbon plies at the impact face does not necessarily lead to enhancement of the hybrid's impact properties. On the contrary, flax plies at the impacted side lead to significant improvement in impact resistance compared to the non-hybrid flax composite with similar thickness. Results of finite element analysis showed that carbon plies play a significant role in the hybrid laminate's energy absorption characteristics due to lower failure strain.

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“…In this technique, the composite can be fabricated by (i) reinforcement of un-cured pre-preg (pre-impregnated) laminates in the direction of a thickness (Z-pinning technique) ( Figure 9 a), and (ii) employment of dry fabric preforms that already includes the through-thickness reinforcement before the resin infusion (stitching). Modified lockstitch, lockstitch, and chain stitch are commonly used stitching techniques ( Figure 9 b–d) [ 190 , 191 , 192 , 193 ]. As for the weave preform, the best structural arrangement is the twill weave fabric due to its having the highest impact strength, which results in higher required force to pull out or break the fibers [ 194 ].…”

Section: Mechanical Properties Of Hybrid Biocompositesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Recent Progress in Hybrid Biocomposites: Mechanical Properties, Water Absorption, and Flame Retardancy

2020

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Bio-based composites are reinforced polymeric materials in which one of the matrix and reinforcement components or both are from bio-based origins. The biocomposite industry has recently drawn great attention for diverse applications, from household articles to automobiles. This is owing to their low cost, biodegradability, being lightweight, availability, and environmental concerns over synthetic and nonrenewable materials derived from limited resources like fossil fuel. The focus has slowly shifted from traditional biocomposite systems, including thermoplastic polymers reinforced with natural fibers, to more advanced systems called hybrid biocomposites. Hybridization of bio-based fibers/matrices and synthetic ones offers a new strategy to overcome the shortcomings of purely natural fibers or matrices. By incorporating two or more reinforcement types into a single composite, it is possible to not only maintain the advantages of both types but also alleviate some disadvantages of one type of reinforcement by another one. This approach leads to improvement of the mechanical and physical properties of biocomposites for extensive applications. The present review article intends to provide a general overview of selecting the materials to manufacture hybrid biocomposite systems with improved strength properties, water, and burning resistance in recent years.

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Prediction of Mode I interlaminar fracture toughness of stitched flax fiber composites

Cited by 24 publications

References 41 publications

A Study of the Interlaminar Fracture Toughness of Unidirectional Flax/Epoxy Composites

A Study of the Interlaminar Fracture Toughness of Unidirectional Flax/Epoxy Composites

Effect of interlayer carbon fiber dispersion on the low-velocity impact performance of woven flax-carbon hybrid composites

Recent Progress in Hybrid Biocomposites: Mechanical Properties, Water Absorption, and Flame Retardancy

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