“…Since Alipanahi et al (2015) demonstrated the applicability of convolutional neural networks (CNNs) for predicting RNA-protein and DNA-protein interactions, several deep learning models have been developed. While some models incorporate a single CNN with some modifications (Pan and Shen, 2018;Zhang et al, 2019;Tahir et al, 2021), others use a different neural network model (Uhl et al, 2020) or a combination of several neural network architectures (Ben-Bassat et al, 2018;Pan et al, 2018;Yan et al, 2020;Deng et al, 2020;Grønning et al, 2020). For instance, HOCNNLB uses high-order encodings of RNA sequences as inputs for CNN (Zhang et al, 2019), and iDeepS uses stacked CNN and bidirectional long short-term memory (biLSTM) and takes both RNA sequences and their estimated secondary structures as inputs (Pan et al, 2018).…”