“…In practical engineering, most of soil also bears in situ vertical confining pressure that is generated by overlaying soil, buildings, etc (Chao et al, 2022a;Chao et al, 2022b;Chao et al, 2023a;Cui et al, 2022a;Cui et al, 2022b;Liu, 2015;Miao et al, 2019;). Many scholars have pointed out that during drying-wetting cycles, volume change of soil are the main reason for variation in the hydro-mechanical characteristics of soil, especially for clayey soil (Cui et al, 2018;Cui et al,2022;Cui et al, 2023;Cuisinier et al, 2014;Li et al, 2022;Shu et al, 2022;).…”