Prediction of vicarious trial and error by means of the schematic sowbug.

Tolman, E. C.

doi:10.1037/h0057054

Cited by 179 publications

(159 citation statements)

References 6 publications

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“…Neurophysiological studies support the hypothesis that during VTE an animal is using its "cognitive map" by internally representing potential pathways (Johnson and Redish 2007) and evaluating future outcomes (van der Meer and Redish 2010). Various studies have shown that VTE is supported by the hippocampus (Hu and Amsel 1995;Voss et al 2011), occurs early in learning (Tolman 1939;van der Meer and Redish 2010), and increases with changes in task demands (Blumenthal et al 2011). However, to date, it has been difficult to determine the degree to which VTE behavior is linked to the different decisionmaking systems available.…”

mentioning

confidence: 94%

Conflict between place and response navigation strategies: Effects on vicarious trial and error (VTE) behaviors

et al. 2013

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Navigation can be accomplished through multiple decision-making strategies, using different information-processing computations. A well-studied dichotomy in these decision-making strategies compares hippocampal-dependent "place" and dorsal-lateral striatal-dependent "response" strategies. A place strategy depends on the ability to flexibly respond to environmental cues, while a response strategy depends on the ability to quickly recognize and react to situations with welllearned action -outcome relationships. When rats reach decision points, they sometimes pause and orient toward the potential routes of travel, a process termed vicarious trial and error (VTE). VTE co-occurs with neurophysiological information processing, including sweeps of representation ahead of the animal in the hippocampus and transient representations of reward in the ventral striatum and orbitofrontal cortex. To examine the relationship between VTE and the place/response strategy dichotomy, we analyzed data in which rats were cued to switch between place and response strategies on a plus maze. The configuration of the maze allowed for place and response strategies to work competitively or cooperatively. Animals showed increased VTE on trials entailing competition between navigational systems, linking VTE with deliberative decision-making. Even in a well-learned task, VTE was preferentially exhibited when a spatial selection was required, further linking VTE behavior with decision-making associated with hippocampal processing.

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confidence: 94%

Conflict between place and response navigation strategies: Effects on vicarious trial and error (VTE) behaviors

et al. 2013

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“…With the evolution of suitable brain circuitry, certain animals were able to consider multiple options for pursuit or evasion that are likely to enhance fitness, such as by vicarious trial and error behavior in rodents, in which future possibilities are imagined (53,64). Vicarious trial and error, like other forms of prospective cognition or "mental time travel," are dependent on the hippocampus.…”

Section: Implications Of Long-range Vision For Reactive Neural Circuimentioning

confidence: 99%

Massive increase in visual range preceded the origin of terrestrial vertebrates

MacIver

Schmitz

Mugan

et al. 2017

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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The evolution of terrestrial vertebrates, starting around 385 million years ago, is an iconic moment in evolution that brings to mind images of fish transforming into four-legged animals. Here, we show that this radical change in body shape was preceded by an equally dramatic change in sensory abilities akin to transitioning from seeing over short distances in a dense fog to seeing over long distances on a clear day. Measurements of eye sockets and simulations of their evolution show that eyes nearly tripled in size just before vertebrates began living on land. Computational simulations of these animal's visual ecology show that for viewing objects through water, the increase in eye size provided a negligible increase in performance. However, when viewing objects through air, the increase in eye size provided a large increase in performance. The jump in eye size was, therefore, unlikely to have arisen for seeing through water and instead points to an unexpected hybrid of seeing through air while still primarily inhabiting water. Our results and several anatomical innovations arising at the same time suggest lifestyle similarity to crocodiles. The consequent combination of the increase in eye size and vision through air would have conferred a 1 million-fold increase in the amount of space within which objects could be seen. The "buena vista" hypothesis that our data suggest is that seeing opportunities from afar played a role in the subsequent evolution of fully terrestrial limbs as well as the emergence of elaborated action sequences through planning circuits in the nervous system. fish-tetrapod transition | vision | visual ecology | terrestriality | prospective cognition B efore terrestrial vertebrates arose, their ancestors inhabited underwater environments, where vision is highly compromised compared with vision above water. The visual difference between life in water and life above it is comparable with driving fast on a foggy road, where our responses must be rapid and simple, vs. driving in clear daylight conditions, where deliberation over more complex choices is enabled by the vast increase in sensory range. Nonetheless, although an immense quantity of work has been done on the emergence of limbs during the evolution of land vertebrates, how visual capability changed during the transition from water to land has not been explored. In part, this lack of exploration is because computational visual ecology-necessary to interpret the fossil data-has not been combined with early tetrapod paleontology. Through combining these disciplines, here we probe the evolutionary history of the switch in our visual sensory ecology from water to air. Surprisingly, our results show that eyes tripled in size just before full-time life on land evolved. Convergent lines of evidence, including our own, strongly support the hypothesis that a crocodilian ecotype-using the greatly enhanced visual capabilities conferred by vision through air to prey on the bounty of unexploited invertebrates that long preceded the vertebrates onto ...

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“…However, our interest here is the same as that of Tolman (7)(8)(9): the potential link that VTE behavior provides between memory-related processing and the ongoing control of behavior. That linkage is strengthened compellingly by the findings, noted earlier, of the reduction of spontaneous initiation of VTE behavior and the accompanying detrimental effects on learning of lesions to the (rat) hippocampus, the critical role of which in learning and memory is well established (1).…”

mentioning

confidence: 98%

“…* For the work reported here, one notable example is a phenomenon in rodents described by Muenzinger (13) and Tolman (7)(8)(9) that seems to relate memory processing and exploratory behavior. When learning to discriminate between two stimuli based on one item's selective association with reward, rats spontaneously look back and forth from one stimulus to the other at choice points.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A number of investigators have emphasized the critical role in such behaviors of memory systems (1,2) and strategic/executive control systems (3,4). Some theorizing about exploratory behaviors has emphasized the potential importance of constant iteration between perception and action (5,6) or between prediction and verification (7)(8)(9). However, little is known, at least in humans, about precisely how processing in neural systems leads to the optimization of exploratory behaviors and how the behaviors, in turn, affect processing in these systems as learning occurs.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Spontaneous revisitation during visual exploration as a link among strategic behavior, learning, and the hippocampus

Voss

Warren

Gonsalves

et al. 2011

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

114

148

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Effective exploratory behaviors involve continuous updating of sensory sampling to optimize the efficacy of information gathering. Despite some work on this issue in animals, little information exists regarding the cognitive or neural mechanisms for this sort of behavioral optimization in humans. Here we examined a visual exploration phenomenon that occurred when human subjects studying an array of objects spontaneously looked "backward" in their scanning paths to view recently seen objects again. This "spontaneous revisitation" of recently viewed objects was associated with enhanced hippocampal activity and superior subsequent memory performance in healthy participants, but occurred only rarely in amnesic patients with severe damage to the hippocampus. These findings demonstrate the necessity of the hippocampus not just in the aspects of long-term memory with which it has been associated previously, but also in the short-term adaptive control of behavior. Functional neuroimaging showed hippocampal engagement occurring in conjunction with frontocerebellar circuits, thereby revealing some of the larger brain circuitry essential for the strategic deployment of information-seeking behaviors that optimize learning.amnesia | prefrontal cortex | vicarious trial-and-error behavior O ne of the hallmarks of higher cognitive functioning is the ability to flexibly tailor behaviors to current situational demands. An example comes from the purposeful way animals explore the environment, effectively sampling the particular information most critical for learning and later memory. A number of investigators have emphasized the critical role in such behaviors of memory systems (1, 2) and strategic/executive control systems (3, 4). Some theorizing about exploratory behaviors has emphasized the potential importance of constant iteration between perception and action (5, 6) or between prediction and verification (7-9). However, little is known, at least in humans, about precisely how processing in neural systems leads to the optimization of exploratory behaviors and how the behaviors, in turn, affect processing in these systems as learning occurs. This is partially because contemporary research often involves exposing individuals to some information and relating brain activity to the ability to later recall or recognize aspects of the original learning event (10). Findings therefore primarily concern processes closely allied with introspective reports rather than the processes by which memory signals are used by the organism in the moment-tomoment guidance of dynamic behavior.Connections between brain activity and ongoing behavior are generally better understood in animals, in which the assaying of active behaviors is a necessity for studying learning and memory.* For the work reported here, one notable example is a phenomenon in rodents described by Muenzinger (13) and Tolman (7-9) that seems to relate memory processing and exploratory behavior. When learning to discriminate between two stimuli based on one item's selective associa...

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Prediction of vicarious trial and error by means of the schematic sowbug.

Cited by 179 publications

References 6 publications

Conflict between place and response navigation strategies: Effects on vicarious trial and error (VTE) behaviors

Conflict between place and response navigation strategies: Effects on vicarious trial and error (VTE) behaviors

Massive increase in visual range preceded the origin of terrestrial vertebrates

Spontaneous revisitation during visual exploration as a link among strategic behavior, learning, and the hippocampus

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