“…The physics and dynamics behind many fluid dynamics phenomena such as eddies, secondary flows, chaotic particle motions, instabilities, transition and turbulence can be explained by analysing the LDC flow and hence is canonical. The appearance and structure of the large primary eddy and the secondary eddies have been investigated for a wide range of Reynolds numbers, Re and the spanto-width aspect ratio, Γ L , of the cavity [29,30,[32][33][34][35][36][37][38][39]. Here, the Reynolds number is defined using the velocity of the moving lid, U 0 , and the width of the square face of the cavity, L, as Re = U 0 L/ν.…”