Predominance of Type 1 cytokines and decreased number of CD4CD25 T regulatory cells in peripheral blood of patients with recurrent aphthous ulcerations

Association between interleukin gene polymorphisms and risk of recurrent oral ulceration

“…A previous study reported that cytokine genes in peripheral blood mononuclear cells were associated with disease development in ROU patients, such as IL-2, TNF-α and IL-6 (Borra et al, 2004). Moreover, decreased IL-10 mRNA levels were found in ROU patients, which suggests a failure of the immune system to suppress inflammatory reaction to oral mucosa (Lewkowicz et al, 2005).…”

Recurrent aphthous stomatitis

“…The onset of a RAS lesion is associated with cell-mediated immune response, generation of T cells and production of TNF-α. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells of RAS patients has been shown to secrete high amounts of TNF-α, an indication that TNF-α plays a key role in RAS pathogenesis 54,[74][75][76] . Consequently, TNF-α-mediated endothelial cell adhesion and neutrophil chemotaxis initiate the cascade of inflammatory processes that lead to ulceration 77 .…”

Interleukin-2, Interferon-gamma Gene Polymorphisms in Recurrent Aphthous Stomatitis

“…An increased systematic production of Th1 cytokines and local transcription of Th1 genes have been reported in patients with RAS (Borra et al, 2004;Lewkowicz et al, 2005). Interleukin-2 (IL-2) and Interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) are two cytokines secreted by Th1 cells, which are considered as pro-inflammatory cytokines the elevated levels of both have been reported in RAS patients (Albanidou-Farmaki et al, 2007;Chavan et al, 2012).…”