Preface

Holdnack, James A.; Drozdick, Lisa Whipple; Weiss, Lawrence G.

doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-386934-0.00015-8

Cited by 9 publications

(11 citation statements)

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“…As expected, significant age group differences were demonstrated on the Symbol Search and Coding tasks but not on the Inspection Time task. Declines in performance on the Symbol Search and Coding demonstrated in the current study are in line with the body of evidence referenced earlier that indicates processing speed declines with age (Cerella and Hale, 1994 ; Salthouse, 1996 ; Holdnack et al, 2013 ; Hong et al, 2015 ; Tam et al, 2015 ). Furthermore, findings are consistent with research indicating that age related processing slowing is reflected on tasks such as the Symbol Search and Coding (Gilmore et al, 2006 ), where declines in performance are generally most prominent from the age of 45 (Hoyer et al, 2004 ).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 92%

“…Neuropsychological testing has traditionally assessed processing speed across the lifespan with paper-and-pencil tests such as the Symbol Search and Coding tasks from the Information Processing Speed Index of the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS) (Wechsler, 2008 ) i.e., Cornelis et al ( 2014 ), Joy et al ( 2004 ), and Kreiner and Ryan ( 2001 ). Such tests are reported to measure working memory, psychomotor and visuomotor processing speed, visual discrimination and attention; See Holdnack et al ( 2013 ) and Wechsler ( 2008 ). However, despite the natural decline in motor speed and function with age, the extent that motor function affects age-related performance on such tasks has not been analyzed in detail.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Cognitive Processing Speed across the Lifespan: Beyond the Influence of Motor Speed

Ebaid

Crewther

MacCalman

et al. 2017

Front. Aging Neurosci.

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Traditional neuropsychological measurement of cognitive processing speed with tasks such as the Symbol Search and Coding subsets of the WAIS-IV, consistently show decline with advancing age. This is potentially problematic with populations where deficits in motor performance are expected, i.e., in aging or stroke populations. Thus, the aim of the current study was to explore the contribution of hand motor speed to traditional paper-and-pencil measures of processing speed and to a simple computer-customized non-motor perception decision task, the Inspection Time (IT) task. Participants were 67 young university students aged between 18 and 29 (59 females), and 40 older adults aged between 40 and 81 (31 females) primarily with a similar education profile. As expected, results indicated that age group differences were highly significant on the motor dexterity, Symbol Search and Coding tasks. However, no significant differences or correlations were seen between age groups and the simple visual perception IT task. Furthermore, controlling for motor dexterity did not remove significant age-group differences on the paper-and-pencil measures. This demonstrates that although much of past research into cognitive decline with age is confounded by use of motor reaction times as the operational measure, significant age differences in cognitive processing also exist on more complex tasks. The implications of the results are crucial in the realm of aging research, and caution against the use of traditional WAIS tasks with a clinical population where motor speed may be compromised, as in stroke.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 92%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cognitive Processing Speed across the Lifespan: Beyond the Influence of Motor Speed

Ebaid

Crewther

MacCalman

et al. 2017

Front. Aging Neurosci.

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“…In recent decades it has been demonstrated that age do not affect cognitive functions in the same way nor do they evolve at the same rate throughout life. Processing speed is one of the cognitive abilities that most consistently decline with age ( Holdnack et al, 2013 ; Hong et al, 2015 ; Tam et al, 2015 ), even when motor dexterity is statistically controlled ( Ebaid et al, 2017 ). Detriment with age in the case of working memory and inhibition has been also largely demonstrated ( Turner and Spreng, 2012 ; Calso et al, 2016 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cognitive Vulnerability in Aging May Be Modulated by Education and Reserve in Healthy People

Roldán-Tapia

Cánovas

León

et al. 2017

Front. Aging Neurosci.

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Aging is related to a deterioration of cognitive performance and to multiple alterations in the brain. Even before the beginning of a noticeable cognitive decline, the framework which holds cognitive function experiences these alterations. From a system-vulnerability point of view of cognition, the deterioration associated with age would be the collection of repercussions during a life. Brain function and structure are modified in a multidimensional way, which could concern different aspects like structural integrity, functional activity, connectivity, or glucose metabolism. From this point of view, the effects of aging could affect the most brain systems and their functional activity. In this study, we analyze the functional development of three cognitive domains in relation to aging, educational level, and cognitive reserve (CR). A total of 172 healthy subjects were divided into two age groups (young and old), and completed a battery of classic neuropsychological tests. The tests were organized and analyzed according to three cognitive domains: working memory and flexibility, visuoconstructive functions, and declarative memory. Subjects also completed a questionnaire on CR. Results showed that the performance in all cognitive domains decreased with age. In particular, tests related to working memory, flexibility, and visuoconstructive abilities were influenced by age. Nevertheless, this effect was attenuated by effects of education, mainly in visuoconstructive domain. Surprisingly, visual as well as verbal memory tests were not affected either by aging, education, or CR. Brain plasticity plays a prominent role in the aging process, but, as other studies have shown, the plasticity mechanism is quite different in healthy vs. pathological brains. Moreover, this plasticity brain mechanism could be modulated by education and CR. Specially, cognitive domains as working memory, some executive functions and the visuoconstructive abilities seem to be modulated by education. Therefore, it seems to be crucial, to propose mechanisms of maintenance of a healthy and enriched brain, since it promotes auto-regulatory mechanisms of well-aging.

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“…In the present study, premorbid intelligence was estimated with the Korean version of the OPIE method for the WAIS-IV (OPIE-IV) [13,20]. The regression formulas of the Korean OPIE-IV comprise five types of algorithms, one of which uses three predictive variables (i.e., WAIS-IV information subtest, age, and education level).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The current study was based on the hypothesis that there are no significant differences in premorbid intelligence among three groups: controls, patients with complicated mild/moderate TBI, and patients with severe TBI. We used the recently developed Oklahoma Premorbid Intelligence Estimate (OPIE) to estimate premorbid intelligence [11,13]. Subsequently, we analyzed differences in cognitive function indexes and subtest scores among the three groups and compared the results with previous studies.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cognitive Decline in Korean Patients with Neurocognitive Disorder due to Traumatic Brain Injury: A Control for Premorbid Intelligence

Hwang

Soh

Lee

et al. 2019

Psychiatry Investig

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ObjectivePrevious studies of cognitive decline in patients with neurocognitive disorder due to traumatic brain injury (NCD-TBI) have often failed to control for baseline factors such as premorbid intelligence. The purpose of the current study was to estimate and compare cognitive function among three groups (controls, complicated mild/moderate TBI, and severe TBI) after controlling for premorbid intelligence. MethodsSeverity of TBI was classified as complicated mild/moderate or severe based on duration of loss of consciousness and brain neuroimaging results. Premorbid intelligence quotients (IQs) were estimated with the Oklahoma Premorbid Intelligence Estimate. There were no differences in premorbid intelligence between the groups, which were also matched for age and education. Current cognitive function was evaluated with the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-Fourth Edition. ResultsComparison of current cognitive function among the three groups indicated significant group differences for all indexes and subtest scores. Processing speed showed the highest effect size. However, only working memory differed significantly between the two NCD-TBI groups. ConclusionThe present findings suggest that mental memory manipulation processes seem to be more sensitive to TBI severity than are perceptual-motor processes. Specifically, both auditory rehearsal/discrimination and mental alertness/manipulation will be most strongly influenced by TBI severity.

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Preface

Cited by 9 publications

References 0 publications

Cognitive Processing Speed across the Lifespan: Beyond the Influence of Motor Speed

Cognitive Processing Speed across the Lifespan: Beyond the Influence of Motor Speed

Cognitive Vulnerability in Aging May Be Modulated by Education and Reserve in Healthy People

Cognitive Decline in Korean Patients with Neurocognitive Disorder due to Traumatic Brain Injury: A Control for Premorbid Intelligence

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