“…McClintock, 1972), in the current research we focus on an empirically established typology that distinguishes between three broad groups of orientation: cooperation, individualism, and competition (e.g., Grzelak, 1982;Kramer, McClintock, & Messick, 1986;Kuhlman & Wimberley, 1976;Liebrand & Van Run, 1985;Van Lange & Kuhlman, 1994). Individuals with cooperative or prosocial orientation tend to maximize the well-being of both self and others and to minimize differences between the well-being of self and others (i.e., they attend to the goodness of joint outcomes and to equality in outcomes); individualists tend to maximize their own well-being with little or no regard for the well-being of others (i.e., they attend to the goodness of their own outcomes); and competitors tend to maximize their own well-being in relation to the wellbeing of others (i.e., they attend to the goodness of relative outcomes).…”