Preferred Interpersonal Distances: A Global Comparison

Sorokowska, Agnieszka; Sorokowski, Piotr; Hilpert, Peter; Cantarero, Katarzyna; Frąckowiak, Tomasz; Ahmadi, Khodabakhsh; Alghraibeh, Ahmad M.; Aryeetey, Richmond; Bertoni, Anna Marta Maria; Bettache, Karim; Blumen, Sheyla; Błażejewska, Marta; Bortolini, Tiago; Butovskaya, Marina; Castro, Felipe Nalon; Çetinkaya, Hakan; Cunha, Diana; David, Daniel; David, Oana; Dileym, Fahd A.; Espinosa, Alejandra; Donato, Silvia; Dronova, Daria; Dural, Seda; Fialová, Jitka; Fisher, Maryanne L.; Gülbetekin, Evrim; Akkaya, Aslıhan Hamamcıoğlu; Hromatko, Ivana; Iafrate, Raffaella; Iesyp, Mariana; James, Bawo Onesirosan; Jaranović, Jelena; Jiang, Feng; Kimamo, Charles O.; Kjelvik, Grete; Koç, Fırat; Laar, Amos; Lopes, Fívia de Araújo; Macbeth, Guillermo; Marcano, Nicole M.; Martínez, Rocío; Meskó, Norbert; Molodovskaya, Natalya; Moradi, Khadijeh; Motahari, Zahrasadat; Mühlhauser, Alexandra; Natividade, Jean Carlos; Ntayi, Joseph Mpeera; Oberzaucher, Elisabeth; Ojedokun, Oluyinka; Fauzee, Mohd Sofian Omar; Onyishi, Ike E.; Paluszak, Anna; Portugal, Alda; Razumiejczyk, Eugenia; Realo, Anu; Relvas, Ana Paula; Rivas, Mercedes; Rizwan, Muhammad; Salkičević, Svjetlana; Sarmány-Schuller, Ivan; Schmehl, Susanne; Senyk, Oksana; Sinding, Charlotte; Stamkou, Eftychia; Stoyanova, Stanislava; Šukolová, Denisa; Sutresna, Nina; Tadinac, Meri; Teras, Andero; Ponciano, Edna Lúcia Tinoco; Tripathi, Ritu; Tripathi, Nachiketa; Tripathi, Mamta; Uhryn, Olja; Yamamoto, Maria Emília; Gyesook, Yoo; Pierce, John D.

doi:10.1177/0022022117698039

Cited by 344 publications

(339 citation statements)

References 57 publications

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“…Furthermore, Experiment 2 demonstrated that when these norms are violated by a motionless humanoid robot, participants will distance themselves further away from the robot. Note, however, that cultural factors can impact proxemics (Sorokowska, Sorokowski, Hilper, Cantarero, & Frackowiak, 2017), and the only demographic information collected from participants in this study was their age and gender.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Impact of Intergroup Bias on Trust and Approach Behaviour Towards a Humanoid Robot

Deligianis¹,

Stanton²,

McGarty³

et al. 2017

Journal of Human-Robot Interaction

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As robots become commonplace, and for successful human-robot interaction to occur, people will need to trust them. Two experiments were conducted using the "minimal group paradigm" to explore whether social identity theory influences trust formation and impressions of a robot. In Experiment 1, participants were allocated to either a "robot" or "computer" group, and then they played a cooperative visual tracking game with an Aldebaran Nao humanoid robot as a partner. We hypothesised participants in the "robot group" would demonstrate intergroup bias by sitting closer to the robot (proxemics) and trusting the robot's suggested answers more frequently than their "computer group" counterparts. Experiment 2 used an almost identical procedure with a different set of participants; however, all participants were assigned to the "robot group" and thee different levels of anthropomorphic robot movement were manipulated. Our results suggest that intergroup bias and humanlike movement can significantly affect human-robot approach behaviour. Significant effects were found for trusting the robot's suggested answers with respect to task difficulty, but not for group membership or robot movement.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Impact of Intergroup Bias on Trust and Approach Behaviour Towards a Humanoid Robot

Deligianis¹,

Stanton²,

McGarty³

et al. 2017

Journal of Human-Robot Interaction

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show abstract

“…For example, the average distance between Asians is larger than between Caucasians, Mediterraneans, and Latinos . The study by Sorokowska also showed that interpersonal distance in China is larger than in the US and many European countries …”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 98%

“…Sorokowska et al found the average interpersonal distance in China to be 0.79 m, based on 119 questionnaire samples. This is 18% larger than that obtained in our study, and it is very likely that interpersonal distance will be influenced by type of indoor environment and participant characteristics, such as occupation and personality.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…For example, when talking in pairs, Latinos adopt a face‐to‐face position, Caucasians tend to orient themselves to the side of the other person, and Asians place themselves slightly to the side, at an average of 15.17 degrees . One contributor to this may be an historical risk avoidance mechanism, but nowadays, it is more likely due to the socially acceptable norms and comfort zones within the individual culture and societies in which these individuals have been raised.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Human behavior during close contact in a graduate student office

Zhang

Tang

2019

Indoor Air

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Close contact is a part of daily life, and proximity is known to play a primary role in the transmission of many respiratory infections. However, there are no data on close contact parameters such as movement of the head/body and relative location, which can affect both expiration and inspiration flows. Using video cameras, we collected such data for nearly 63 000 seconds of total close contact duration in a graduate student office in Beijing, China. Each student had on average 9.6 close contacts per hour and spent 9.9% of their time participating in close contact interactions. Males made more body/head movements than females during close contact. The probability distribution of interpersonal distance follows a log‐normal distribution. The average interpersonal distance was 0.67 m. Students preferred a relative face orientation angle between 15° and 45°. When the relative face orientation angle increased, the interpersonal distance increased. Students had a high probability (73%‐97%) of maintaining their head, body, and relative position during close contact, while the probability of body/head or relative position changing from any location/angle to another is also given. These data may be used for assessment of infection risk via close contact in crowded indoor environments.

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“…This way, the authors could evaluate the projected metric distance for (a) social distance, (b) personal distance, and (c) intimate distance. The number of countries assessed in the study of Sorokowska et al promotes conclusions from different cultures and indicated some new possible categorization of the cultures and to design objects or implement changes in the real world.…”

Section: Related Workmentioning

confidence: 99%

Investigating cultural aspects in the fundamental diagram using convolutional neural networks and virtual agent simulation

Favaretto

Santos²,

Balotin³

et al. 2019

Computer Animation & Virtual

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This paper presents a study, organized in two phases, regarding group behavior in a controlled experiment focused on differences in an important attribute that vary across cultures—personal spaces. First, we want to study and compare the spatial behavior different populations adopt with respect to their personal space. Second, we want to use simulation of virtual agents to artificially generate movements of people in similar situations and validate them using real video sequences. Our main goal is to be able to extract from video sequences and then simulate variations in populations in a coherent way with literature that studies cultural aspects. In addition to the cultural aspects, we also investigate the personality model in the studied videos using OCEAN (Openness, Conscientiousness, Extraversion, Agreeableness, and Neuroticism). Finally, we propose a way to simulate the fundamental diagram experiment from other countries using the OCEAN psychological trait model as input. Results indicate that the simulated countries have consistent characteristics with the expected literature.

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Preferred Interpersonal Distances: A Global Comparison

Cited by 344 publications

References 57 publications

The Impact of Intergroup Bias on Trust and Approach Behaviour Towards a Humanoid Robot

The Impact of Intergroup Bias on Trust and Approach Behaviour Towards a Humanoid Robot

Human behavior during close contact in a graduate student office

Investigating cultural aspects in the fundamental diagram using convolutional neural networks and virtual agent simulation

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