That the zona pel l uci da (ZP) pl ays a pr omi nent r ol e i n the physi ol ogy of some human tw i nni ng i s an attr acti ve, al bei t i ncompl etel y pr oven, medi cal hypothesi s. I ndeed, an associ ati on has been pr oposed betw een mani pul ati on of the ZP and/or nati ve ZP mi cr oar chi tectur e and monozygoti c (M Z) tw i ns. Ovul ati on i nducti on al so has been theor eti cal l y l i nk ed to i n vi vo ZP al ter ati ons facilitating MZ twin development. In vitro fertilization (IVF) relies on necessar y (and, i n some cases extended) embr yo cul tur e techni ques potenti al l y cr eati ng subtl e ZP changes and subsequent M Z tw i nni ng. Wi th gr ow i ng exper i ence i n the assi sted r epr oducti ve technol ogi es and par ti cul ar l y I VF, some pr el i mi nar y r epor ts have noted an i ncr eased fr equency of M Z tw i ns after pr ocedur es that ar ti fi ci al l y br each the ZP (i .e., i ntr acytopl asmi c sper m i njecti on [I CSI ], or 'assi sted hatchi ng'). Such ZP mani pul ati ons ostensi bl y enhance oocyte fer tilization or facilitate blastocyst hatching, thus i mpr ovi ng pr egnancy r ates for coupl es under goi ng fer tility treatment. Evidence exists both to chal l enge and suppor t the connecti on betw een these phenomena and M Z tw i ns. Thi s r epor t outl i nes the fundamental embr yol ogi cal pr ocesses bel i eved r esponsi bl e for these confl i cti ng obser vati ons; the cur r ent l i ter atur e on the subject of human ZP mi cr o-mani pul ati on and M Z tw i ns i s al so di scussed. Twin Research (2000) 3, 217-223.