“…Researchers also found a relationship between a woman's body mass index (BMI) and shoulder dystocia; women with elevated BMIs at the time of childbirth were often at increased risk for the condition (Cheng et al, 2013;Cheng et al, 2006;Gupta et al, 2010;Schummers, Hutcheon, Bodnar, Lieberman, & Himes, 2015), and one group of researchers found that women with BMIs greater than or equal to 30 kg/m 2 had a nearly three times greater risk (Mazouni et al, 2006). Chronic diabetes (Abell et al, 2016;Boghossian et al, 2014;Shand, Bell, McElduff, Morris, & Roberts, 2008;Son, Lim, Lee, Cho, & Park, 2015) and gestational diabetes (Burkhardt, Schmidt, Kurmanavicius, Zimmermann, & Schaffer, 2014;Dodd et al, 2012;Lai et al, 2016;Lamminpä ä et al, 2016;Ovesen et al, 2015;Øverland et al, 2012;Tsur et al, 2012) were also associated with increased risk for shoulder dystocia. Whether the effect of the latter may be mitigated by treatment is not yet clear.…”