Pregnancy-specific β<sub>1</sub>-glycoprotein (SP<sub>1</sub>) in serum from women with pregnancies complicated by intrauterine growth retardation

Tamsen, L.; Johansson, S.G.O.; Axelssön, Ove

doi:10.1515/jpme.1983.11.1.19

Cited by 37 publications

(19 citation statements)

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“…Although their biochemical properties and physiological functions remain elusive, they seem to be essential for the maintenance of normal pregnancy because low levels are associated with poor outcome of pregnancy (Wurz et al 1981;Tamsen et al 1983). They comprise a family of highly similar polypeptides encoded by 11 transcriptionally active genes in human (Khan et al 1992), cluster on the region 19q13.2 along with the carcinoembryonic antigen pseudogene family (Olsen et al 1994).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The majority of PSG functional studies have focused on determining whether PSGs are able to modulate the maternal immune system to prevent rejection of the allotypic fetus. In fact, low PSG levels in the maternal circulation are associated with threatened abortions, intrauterine growth retardation and fetal hypoxia (Wurz et al 1981;Tamsen et al 1983;MacDonald et al 1983;Masson et al 1983).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Coordinate expression of the human pregnancy-specific glycoprotein gene family during induced and replicative senescence

et al. 2008

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Pregnancy-specific glycoproteins (PSGs) comprise a family of highly similar polypeptides encoded by 11 transcriptionally active genes that compactly cluster on band 19q13.2. All members of the PSG family were found to be markedly up-regulated by addition of 5-bromodeoxyuridine in HeLa cells. Similarly, all of the members were markedly up-regulated during replicative senescence in normal human fibroblasts. Promoter analysis of the PSG1, 4, and 11 genes in HeLa cells did not reveal a cis-regulatory element responsive to 5-bromodeoxyuridine in their 5'-flanking sequences. These results suggest that the PSG genes are regulated at a level of higher order chromatin structure besides by a signal of pregnancy.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Coordinate expression of the human pregnancy-specific glycoprotein gene family during induced and replicative senescence

et al. 2008

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“…The rnCGM3 PI promoter concessful pregnancies. Low PSG values are associated with poor tains a TATA box which is absent from the PSG and CEA genes pregnancy outcome (Würz et al, 1981;Masson et al, 1983), so far characterized (Schrewe et al, 1990;Lei et al, 1992b, intrauterine growth retardation (Tamsen et al, 1983), and fetal 1993; Chamberlin et al, 1994). Two activator elements, PISI hypoxia (MacDonald et al, 1983).…”

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confidence: 99%

Role of the Transcription Factor C/EBPβ in Expression of a Rat Pregnancy-Specific Glycoprotein Gene

Chen

Lin²,

Chen³

et al. 1995

DNA and Cell Biology

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Pregnancy-specific glycoproteins (PSGs), which are the major placental proteins, and the carcinoembryonic antigens comprise a subfamily within the immunoglobulin superfamily. To understand the molecular mechanisms underlying the control of PSG expression, we characterized the promoter elements of a rodent PSG gene, rnCGM3, and showed that DNA elements at nucleotides -326 to -185 (PI) relative to the translation start site of rnCGM3 function as a promoter. The rnCGM3 PI promoter contains two placental factor binding sites, PISI and PISII. Both are transcription activation elements. In the present report, we screened a placental expression cDNA library with a rnCGM3-PISII probe (nucleotides -263 to -233) encompassing two overlapping palindromes (TGTTGCTCAACATGTTG) and demonstrated that the PISII-binding factor is C/EBP beta, a leucine zipper family of transcription factor. Gel mobility-shift and transient expression analyses showed that C/EBP beta and C/EBP isoforms, C/EBP alpha and C/EBP delta, bind to the PISII element and trans-activate rnCGM3 gene expression. Deletion of PISII from the rnCGM3 PI promoter greatly reduced the basal as well as the C/EBP-activated rnCGM3 expression. Gel supershift assays demonstrated that C/EBP beta is the placental isoform that binds to the PISII site rnCGM3. Moreover, C/EBP beta is expressed in high levels in the placenta, ovary, liver, lung, heart, and spleen, in contrast to C/EBP alpha, which is expressed primarily in the liver and only low levels in the placenta. Our results demonstrate that C/EBP beta is one of the transcription factors that positively regulate rnCGM3 expression during pregnancy.

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“…Low levels of PSG correlate with poor outcomes of pregnancies, and anti-PSG antibodies have been demonstrated to induce abortions in mice and monkeys (2,14,28,30,31,53). Recent findings indicate that PSGs might act via receptors on monocytes by inducing cytokines favorable to T H 2 immune responses which are biased in the maternal immune system during pregnancy (44,58).…”

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confidence: 99%

Trophoblast Cell-Specific Carcinoembryonic Antigen Cell Adhesion Molecule 9 Is Not Required for Placental Development or a Positive Outcome of Allotypic Pregnancies

Finkenzeller

Fischer

McLaughlin

et al. 2000

Molecular and Cellular Biology

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The carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) family consists of a large group of evolutionarily divergent glycoproteins. The secreted pregnancy-specific glycoproteins constitute a subgroup within the CEA family. They are predominantly expressed in trophoblast cells throughout placental development and are essential for a positive outcome of pregnancy, possibly by protecting the semiallotypic fetus from the maternal immune system. The murine CEA gene family member CEA cell adhesion molecule 9 (Ceacam9) also exhibits a trophoblast-specific expression pattern. However, its mRNA is found only in certain populations of trophoblast giant cells during early stages of placental development. It is exceptionally well conserved in the rat (over 90% identity on the amino acid level) but is absent from humans. To determine its role during murine development, Ceacam9 was inactivated by homologous recombination. Ceacam9 ؊/؊ mice on both BALB/c and 129/Sv backgrounds developed indistinguishably from heterozygous or wild-type littermates with respect to sex ratio, weight gain, and fertility. Furthermore, the placental morphology and the expression pattern of trophoblast marker genes in the placentae of Ceacam9 ؊/؊ females exhibited no differences. Both backcross analyses and transfer of BALB/c Ceacam9 ؊/؊ blastocysts into pseudopregnant C57BL/6 foster mothers indicated that Ceacam9 is not needed for the protection of the embryo in a semiallogeneic or allogeneic situation. Taken together, Ceacam9 is dispensable for murine placental and embryonic development despite being highly conserved within rodents.

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Pregnancy-specific β₁-glycoprotein (SP₁) in serum from women with pregnancies complicated by intrauterine growth retardation

Cited by 37 publications

References 18 publications

Coordinate expression of the human pregnancy-specific glycoprotein gene family during induced and replicative senescence

Coordinate expression of the human pregnancy-specific glycoprotein gene family during induced and replicative senescence

Role of the Transcription Factor C/EBPβ in Expression of a Rat Pregnancy-Specific Glycoprotein Gene

Trophoblast Cell-Specific Carcinoembryonic Antigen Cell Adhesion Molecule 9 Is Not Required for Placental Development or a Positive Outcome of Allotypic Pregnancies

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Pregnancy-specific β1-glycoprotein (SP1) in serum from women with pregnancies complicated by intrauterine growth retardation

Cited by 37 publications

References 18 publications

Coordinate expression of the human pregnancy-specific glycoprotein gene family during induced and replicative senescence

Coordinate expression of the human pregnancy-specific glycoprotein gene family during induced and replicative senescence

Role of the Transcription Factor C/EBPβ in Expression of a Rat Pregnancy-Specific Glycoprotein Gene

Trophoblast Cell-Specific Carcinoembryonic Antigen Cell Adhesion Molecule 9 Is Not Required for Placental Development or a Positive Outcome of Allotypic Pregnancies

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Pregnancy-specific β₁-glycoprotein (SP₁) in serum from women with pregnancies complicated by intrauterine growth retardation