Preliminary data on the potential for unintentional antidoping rule violations by permitted cannabidiol (CBD) use

Abstract

According to the World Anti‐Doping Agency (WADA) regulations, cannabinoids use is prohibited in competition except for cannabidiol (CBD) use. For an adverse analytical finding (AAF) in doping control, cannabinoid misuse is based on identification of the pharmacologically inactive metabolite 11‐nor‐delta‐9‐carboxy‐tetrahydrocannabinol‐9‐carboxylic acid (carboxy‐THC) in urine at a concentration greater than 180 ng/ml. All other (minor) cannabinoids are reported as AAF when identified, except for CBD that has been explicitly excluded from the class of cannabinoids on WADA's Prohibited List since 2018. However, due to the fact that CBD isolated from cannabis plants may contain additional minor cannabinoids, the permissible use of CBD can lead to unintentional violations of antidoping regulations. An assay for the detection of 16 cannabinoids in human urine was established. The sample preparation consisted of enzymatic hydrolysis of glucuronide conjugates, liquid–liquid extraction, trimethylsilylation, and analysis by gas chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (GC–MS/MS). Spot urine samples from CBD users, as well as specimens obtained from CBD administration studies conducted with 15 commercially available CBD products, were analyzed, and assay characteristics such as selectivity, reproducibility of detection at the minimum required performance level, limit of detection, and limit of identification were determined. An ethical committee approved controlled single dose commercially available CBD products administration study was conducted to identify 16 cannabinoids in urine samples collected after ingestion or application of the CBD products as well as their presence in spot urine samples of habitual CBD users. Variable patterns of cannabinoids or their metabolites were observed in the urine samples, especially when full spectrum CBD products were consumed. The presence of minor cannabinoids or their metabolites in an athlete's in‐competition urine sample represents a substantial risk of an antidoping rule violation.

Are adverse effects of cannabidiol (CBD) products caused by tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) contamination?

“…The risk also includes positive cannabis urine tests for several days, which may be expected from daily oral doses of more than 1 mg Δ 9 -THC 1,2,62 . Therefore, about 15% of products in our study would probably lead to false-positive urine tests, which could have grave consequences for persons occupationally or otherwise required to prove absence of drug use or of doping in professional sports [63][64][65] .…”

Sports drug testing and the athletes' exposome

“…A further emerging area of concern is “dietary supplements” (and related foods and cosmetic products) containing the permitted substance cannabidiol (CBD). Some of these products have been demonstrated to have a high potential to contain prohibited cannabinoid impurities that may lead to an AAF 68,69 …”

Potential Role of Cannabidiol on Sports Recovery: A Narrative Review

“…Besides, there is evidence of the use of synthetic cannabinoids, such as JWH-018 and JWH-073, with limited regulation ( Heltsley et al, 2012 ). Athletes require more information and advice, as product labels can be misleading about whether they contain THC, meaning there are risks in terms of violating anti-doping rules ( Mareck et al, 2021 ).…”