Preliminary estimate of the large-scale wind energy resource with few measurements available: The case of Montenegro

ARMA based approaches for forecasting the tuple of wind speed and direction

“…The wind potential was assessed by combining long term statistical analysis of wind speed and direction along with the numerical modeling of three dimensional wind flows over a complex terrain. The estimates were corrected using few available and reliable data measures [23]. Bao et al developed a circular regression based approach along with Bayesian averaging method for bias correction of the forecasts obtained by numerical weather prediction models [24].…”

Basic meteorological stations as wind data source: A mesoscalar test

“…So, the historical series and surroundings of the stations are evaluated in order to avoid missing, illogical, or out of range data and sheltering obstacles able to distort the wind information. An overview of the numerous tests and arguments involved in the determination of reliable stations, extendable to all selection processes, is gathered in the inshore analysis of Montenegro (Burlando et al, 2009). Attending to the commented considerations, 18 unreliable stations were ignored and the resulting Montenegro wind map was based on 6 surface stations.…”

“…The result is that the majority of these studies is performed using data measured at 10 m a.g.l. (Cellura et al, 2008;Radicsa and Bartholy, 2008;AL-Yahyai et al, 2010a;Burlando et al, 2009;Omer, 2008;Fadare, 2010;Migoya et al, 2007;Bekele and Palm, 2009).…”

“…Other works use the extended wind analysis software WAsP to process the observations (Radicsa and Bartholy, 2008;Migoya et al, 2007), despite this tool has limitations in the extrapolation distance and over complex terrains (Bowen and Mortensen, 2004). ANN (Cellura et al, 2008;Fadare, 2010) and CFD (Burlando et al, 2009) models are other tools applied to generate wind maps based on surface measurements.…”

Projected changes in wind speed over the Republic of Korea under A1B climate change scenario

“…In general, two methods can be used to assess wind resources; one is the interpolation of available wind‐speed measurements to construct a surface wind‐distribution model, and the other is the application of physics‐based, numerical weather prediction models. Interpolation of measurements can suffer from the inconsistent distribution of measurement stations, which can cause insufficient spatial coverage in horizontal and vertical dimensions (Burlando et al , ). Wind speed is very sensitive to changes in anemometer height and in location of the observing site (Yim et al , ).…”