Preliminary evaluation of a behaviour–based system for assessment of post–operative pain in horses following arthroscopic surgery

Price, J.; Catriona, Seago; Welsh, Elizabeth; Waran, Natalie

doi:10.1046/j.1467-2995.2003.00139.x

Cited by 105 publications

(140 citation statements)

References 41 publications

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“…A CBC and serum biochemical profile were obtained for each horse prior to surgery and at 18-30 hours and approximately 72 hours after surgery. Heart rate, respiratory rate, rectal temperature, gastrointestinal auscultation score, and frequency of fecal passage were determined at 0, 2,4,8,12,16,20,24,32,36,40,44,48, 54, 60, 66, and 72 hours and then daily until the time of discharge from the hospital. Gastrointestinal auscultation score was calculated as previously described.…”

Section: Physiological Variablesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…5,[7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14] Evaluations of analgesic efficacy in equine clinical patients are minimal and primarily focus on responses to nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agents in horses with orthopedic pain or retrospective studies of responses of horses with colic to various analgesic medications. 5,12,[14][15][16][17] These studies have been complicated by difficulties in accurately assessing and quantifying pain in a nonverbal species. [2][3][4][5][6]16,[18][19][20] Horses undergoing exploratory celiotomy for acute abdominal pain usually receive flunixin meglumine, a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID), although doses and dose intervals have varied.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Effects of Continuous Rate Intravenous Infusion of Butorphanol on Physiologic and Outcome Variables in Horses after Celiotomy

Sellon

Roberts

Blikslager

et al. 2004

Veterinary Internal Medicne

161

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A randomized, controlled, blinded clinical trial was performed to determine whether butorphanol administered by continuous rate infusion (CRI) for 24 hours after abdominal surgery would decrease pain and surgical stress responses and improve recovery in horses. Thirty-one horses undergoing exploratory celiotomy for abdominal pain were randomly assigned to receive butorphanol CRI (13 g/kg/h for 24 hours after surgery; treatment) or isotonic saline (control). All horses received flunixin meglumine (1.1 mg/kg IV q12h). There were no significant differences between treatment and control horses in preoperative or operative variables. Treatment horses had significantly lower plasma cortisol concentration compared with control horses at 2, 8, 12, 24, 36, and 48 hours after surgery. Mean weight loss while hospitalized was significantly less for treatment horses than control horses, whether expressed as total decrease in body weight (13.9 Ϯ 3.4 and 27.9 Ϯ 4.5 kg, respectively) or as a percentage decrease in body weight (2.6 Ϯ 0.7 and 6.3 Ϯ 1.1%, respectively). Treatment horses were significantly delayed in time to first passage of feces (median times of 15 and 4 hours, respectively). Treatment horses had significantly improved behavior scores during the first 24 hours after surgery, consistent with the conclusion that they experienced less pain during that time. Butorphanol CRI during the immediate postoperative period significantly decreased plasma cortisol concentrations and improved recovery characteristics in horses undergoing abdominal surgery.Key words: Behavior; Colic; Cortisol; Pain management; Stress.I n recent years, there has been a growing interest in recognition and management of pain and surgical stress responses in veterinary medicine. [1][2][3][4][5][6] However, investigation of analgesia in horses has been largely limited to pharmacokinetic studies of drugs or the effects of these drugs in experimental models of induced pain. 5,7-14 Evaluations of analgesic efficacy in equine clinical patients are minimal and primarily focus on responses to nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agents in horses with orthopedic pain or retrospective studies of responses of horses with colic to various analgesic medications. 5,12,[14][15][16][17] These studies have been complicated by difficulties in accurately assessing and quantifying pain in a nonverbal species. [2][3][4][5][6]16,[18][19][20] Horses undergoing exploratory celiotomy for acute abdominal pain usually receive flunixin meglumine, a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID), although doses and dose intervals have varied. In human beings, NSAID medications are considered insufficient for management of pain related to abdominal surgery and a combination of opiates Pullman, WA 99164; e-mail: dsellon@vetmed.wsu.edu. Submitted August 11, 2003; Revised December 9, 2003; Accepted January 16, 2004. Copyright and nonsteroidal analgesic agents is preferred as a multimodal plan for pain management. [21][22][23] Horses that do not exhibit classic behavioral signs of abd...

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Section: Physiological Variablesmentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of Continuous Rate Intravenous Infusion of Butorphanol on Physiologic and Outcome Variables in Horses after Celiotomy

Sellon

Roberts

Blikslager

et al. 2004

Veterinary Internal Medicne

161

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“…Pathologic conditions that involve the joints of horses cause a decrease in their athletic performance. Diagnostic and therapeutic arthroscopy are procedures performed quite frequently in equine referral practice (Price et al, 2003) and are considered to produce a moderate degree of postoperative inflammatory orthopedic pain (Colahan et al, 1998), which will inevitably lead to postoperative discomfort despite peri-operative and post-operative analgesia.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of Intraarticular Tramadol Administration on Biochemical and Cytological Properties of Equine Synovial Fluid: Comparison with Lidocaine

Jahromi¹

2011

American Journal of Pharmacology and Toxicology

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Problem statement: Diagnostic and therapeutic arthroscopic surgeries are procedures performed quite frequently in equine practice; and are considered to cause some degree of postoperative pain. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the equine synovial fluid biochemical and cytological changes following intra-articular administration of tramadol as a potential analgesic. Approach: Six adult healthy donkeys were selected after clinical examination. Synovial fluid samples were taken from both middle carpal joints after routine preparation. Tramadol 2 mg kg −1 and 100 mg lidocaine 2% were administered to the right and left joints respectively. Synovial fluid collection from the joints was performed at 12, 24, 48-192 h after medication. Cytological examination, total protein, glucose, specific gravity, Alkaline Phosphates (ALP), Aspartate Aminotransferase (AST), Lactate Dehydrogenase (LDH), viscosity and quality of mucin clot were measured. Comparison of treatments was performed by nonparametric sign test and Wilcoxon rank sum test. Significance level was set to p ≤ 0.05. Results: Neither detectable lameness nor special side effect was observed throughout the study. Mucin clot quality test and viscosity, the amount of total nucleated cell count, glucose, ALP and LDH revealed no significant differences between various sampling times between the tramadol and lidocaine groups (P>0.05). Neutrophil count, total protein, specific gravity and AST activity were significantly different. Conclusion/Recommendations: Despite the slightly different results compared to the lidocaine, it seems that the injection of tramadol into the middle carpal joint has no adverse effects on the synovial fluid composition in this joint and it can be considered a good analgesic after arthroscopic surgery with the lowest side effects in horses.

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“…21 This type of evaluation is highly species specific. 22 The ideal pain scoring system needs to be linear, weighted, specific to the type of pain, and minimally impacted by observer variability. 23 To date, most assessments of distress and pain caused by castration in lambs and other farm animals have involved changes in posture, locomotor activity, and plasma cortisol concentration as indirect indicators of pain.…”

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confidence: 99%

Analgesic effects of butorphanol tartrate and phenylbutazone administered alone and in combination in young horses undergoing routine castration

Sanz¹,

Sellon²,

Cary³

et al. 2009

javma

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Objective-To compare the analgesic efficacy of administration of butorphanol tartrate, phenylbutazone, or both drugs in combination in colts undergoing routine castration. Design-Randomized controlled clinical trial. Animals-36 client-owned colts. Procedures-Horses received treatment with butorphanol alone (0.05 mg/kg [0.023 mg/ lb], IM, prior to surgery and then q 4 h for 24 hours), phenylbutazone alone (4.4 mg/kg [2.0 mg/lb], IV, prior to surgery and then 2.2 mg/kg [1.0 mg/lb], PO, q 12 h for 3 days), or butorphanol and phenylbutazone at the aforementioned dosages (12 horses/group). For single-drug-treated horses, appropriate placebos were administered to balance treatment protocols among groups. All horses were anesthetized, and lidocaine hydrochloride was injected into each testis. Physical and physiological variables, plasma cortisol concentration, body weight, and water consumption were assessed before and at intervals after surgery, and induction of and recovery from anesthesia were subjectively characterized. Observers assessed signs of pain by use of a visual analogue scale and a numerical rating scale. Results-Significant changes in gastrointestinal sounds, fecal output, and plasma cortisol concentrations were evident in each treatment group over time, compared with preoperative values. At any time point, assessed variables and signs of pain did not differ significantly among groups, although the duration of recumbency after surgery was longest for the butorphanol-phenylbutazone-treated horses. Conclusions and Clinical Relevance-With intratesticular injections of lidocaine, administration of butorphanol to anesthetized young horses undergoing routine castration had the same apparent analgesic effect as phenylbutazone treatment. Combined butorphanolphenylbutazone treatment was not apparently superior to either drug used alone. (J Am Vet

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Preliminary evaluation of a behaviour–based system for assessment of post–operative pain in horses following arthroscopic surgery

Cited by 105 publications

References 41 publications

Effects of Continuous Rate Intravenous Infusion of Butorphanol on Physiologic and Outcome Variables in Horses after Celiotomy

Effects of Continuous Rate Intravenous Infusion of Butorphanol on Physiologic and Outcome Variables in Horses after Celiotomy

Effects of Intraarticular Tramadol Administration on Biochemical and Cytological Properties of Equine Synovial Fluid: Comparison with Lidocaine

Analgesic effects of butorphanol tartrate and phenylbutazone administered alone and in combination in young horses undergoing routine castration

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