Preliminary Report on the Application of Contingent Reinforcement Procedures (Token Economy) on a “Chronic” Psychiatric Ward

Atthowe, John M.; Krasner, Leonard

doi:10.1016/b978-0-08-017738-0.50041-7

Cited by 39 publications

(50 citation statements)

References 6 publications

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“…These unobtrusive measures are considered good indicators of staff's attitudes and morale vis ri vis a program. Some implementers, including those involved with this project, have achieved general staff acceptance and enthusiasm for token economy programs (e.g., Atthowe & Krasner, 1968;Winkler, 1970), but this is often a very difficult achievement.…”

Section: Examples Of Power Tacticsmentioning

confidence: 98%

The Politics of a Token Economy

Richards

1975

Psychol Rep

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Success of a token economy program on a psychiatric ward depends more on interpersonal and institutional politics than on the esoteric fine points of therapy technique, theory, and intention. The more a token economy (or any other behavior modification program) is used as a vehicle for changing the institutional structure of mental hospitals, the more the political issue predominates. Before behavior therapists can determine the practicality of token economy programs, they must attend to the politics of institutional change.

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Section: Examples Of Power Tacticsmentioning

confidence: 98%

The Politics of a Token Economy

Richards

1975

Psychol Rep

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“…In recent years, there has been a tremendous increase in the use of token economies as behavior modification procedures. Token economies have been successfully applied in hospital (Ayllon and Azrin, 1968;Atthowe and Krasner, 1968), school (Drabman, 1973; O'Leary, 'We are especially grateful to Dr. Lowey, Mr. Hochberg, and Mr. Martin of the Three Village School District, Stony Brook, New York, for their help and encouragement throughout the study. We would also like to thank Marty Dishowitz for the fine job he did as observer team leader in this study.…”

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confidence: 99%

SOCIOMETRIC AND DISRUPTIVE BEHAVIOR AS A FUNCTION OF FOUR TYPES OF TOKEN REINFORCEMENT PROGRAMS¹

Drabman

Spitalnik

1974

J of App Behav Analysis

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Children in a first-grade dassroom were divided into four groups. Baseline measures of disruptive classroom behavior were taken on a well-behaved and disruptive child in each group. Following baseline, four types of token economies were simultaneously introduced and rotated every 10 days within a Latin Square design. The token economies were: (1) individual reinforcement determined by individual performance; (2) group reinforcement determined by the behavior of the most disruptive child; (3) group reinforcement determined by the behavior of the least disruptive child; (4) group reinforcement determined by the behavior of a randomly chosen child. The token economies were compared on their effectiveness in changing target behavior, preference by the targets, ease of use, and cost. Additionally, sociometric responses were taken on questions of responsibility, friendship, and funniness. Results showed a significant decrease of inappropriate behavior for the disruptive children and no difference between the effectiveness of the four types of token economies in producing behavior change. However, there were other differences that indicated that the system in which group reinforcement was determined by a randomly selected child would be desirable for most teachers. Results also showed changes in the sociometric status of the disruptive children. As predicted, disruptive children were rated as more responsible when they were in the group reinforcement determined by the most disruptive child in the group token economy. Using behavior modification techniques indirectly to change sociometric status is suggested as offering a new potential technique for behavior change agents.

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“…The "token economies" that he and others developed for chronic mental patients in the 1960s reinforced useful activities with tokens that were exchangeable for desired food, private rooms, more attractive clothes than those routinely issued, etc. [23] Krasner also published key papers showing that verbal behavior such as using plural nouns or first person pronouns could be shaped by the attention and responsiveness of the interlocutor, invading with the behavioral wedge the freedom and dignity of self and self presentation [24]. But Krasner went on to anticipate ecological models, professing to his students of the late 1960s and thereafter that behavior modification entailed "environmental design" as he extended his own attention to approaches such as open classrooms and his own writing to books such as Environmental Design and Human Behavior [25].…”

Section: Mistaken Opposition In Our Ranks-congruence Of Behaviorism Amentioning

confidence: 97%

The Importance of Context in Understanding Behavior and Promoting Health

Fisher

2008

ann. behav. med.

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Behavior, the roles of behavior in health, health promotion, health, quality of life, and death are all contextdependent. This paper begins with a review of behavioral and ecological models, emphasizing their shared emphasis on context. It then turns to genetics and the importance of contexts in understanding genetic influences. Jumping from genes to geography, it examines how spatial analysis provides both a model and framework for considering contextual influence. Continuing with analytic models, it returns to genetics, and considers how it provide models for integrating our understanding of broad social and community influences. The paper extends this thinking through multilevel analysis and proposes "analytic multilevel designs" as a way of studying "context focused interventions" (as opposed to context independent interventions for which conventional experimental designs are often well-suited). It closes with reflections on ways in which we cultivate and extend our knowledge base and on the intellectual contexts of positivism and postmodernism that surround behavioral and ecological thinking.

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Preliminary Report on the Application of Contingent Reinforcement Procedures (Token Economy) on a “Chronic” Psychiatric Ward

Cited by 39 publications

References 6 publications

The Politics of a Token Economy

The Politics of a Token Economy

SOCIOMETRIC AND DISRUPTIVE BEHAVIOR AS A FUNCTION OF FOUR TYPES OF TOKEN REINFORCEMENT PROGRAMS¹

The Importance of Context in Understanding Behavior and Promoting Health

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Preliminary Report on the Application of Contingent Reinforcement Procedures (Token Economy) on a “Chronic” Psychiatric Ward

Cited by 39 publications

References 6 publications

The Politics of a Token Economy

The Politics of a Token Economy

SOCIOMETRIC AND DISRUPTIVE BEHAVIOR AS A FUNCTION OF FOUR TYPES OF TOKEN REINFORCEMENT PROGRAMS1

The Importance of Context in Understanding Behavior and Promoting Health

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SOCIOMETRIC AND DISRUPTIVE BEHAVIOR AS A FUNCTION OF FOUR TYPES OF TOKEN REINFORCEMENT PROGRAMS¹