Prenatal air pollution exposure and ultrasound measures of fetal growth in Los Angeles, California

Abstract

Background Few previous studies examined the impact of prenatal air pollution exposures on fetal development based on ultrasound measures during pregnancy. Methods In a prospective birth cohort of more than 500 women followed during 1993-1996 in Los Angeles, California, we examined how air pollution impacts fetal growth during pregnancy. Exposure to traffic related air pollution was estimated using CALINE4 air dispersion modeling for nitrogen oxides (NOx) and a land use regression (LUR) model for nitrogen monoxide (NO), nitrogen dioxide (NO2) and NOx. Exposures to carbon monoxide (CO), NO2, ozone (O3) and particles <10 μm in aerodynamic diameter (PM10) were estimated using government monitoring data. We employed a linear mixed effects model to estimate changes in fetal size at approximately 19, 29 and 37 weeks gestation based on ultrasound. Results Exposure to traffic-derived air pollution during 29 to 37 weeks was negatively associated with biparietal diameter at 37 weeks gestation. For each interquartile range (IQR) increase in LUR-based estimates of NO, NO2 and NOx, or freeway CALINE4 NOx we estimated a reduction in biparietal diameter of 0.2-0.3 mm. For women residing within 5 km of a monitoring station, we estimated biparietal diameter reductions of 0.9-1.0 mm per IQR increase in CO and NO2. Effect estimates were robust to adjustment for a number of potential confounders. We did not observe consistent patterns for other growth endpoints we examined. Conclusions Prenatal exposure to traffic-derived pollution was negatively associated with fetal head size measured as biparietal diameter in late pregnancy.

Sex-specific differences in fetal growth in newborns exposed prenatally to traffic-related air pollution in the PELAGIE mother–child cohort (Brittany, France)

“…Similarly, some studies (Slama et al, 2009;Hansen et al, 2008;Pedersen et al, 2013;Van den Hooven et al, 2012) have reported adverse effects of prenatal exposure to ambient air pollution on head circumference, while others have not (Estarlich et al, 2011;Hansen et al, 2007;Ritz et al, 2014).…”

Exposition aux gaz d’échappement diesel durant la gestation : quelles conséquences sur le développement foeto-placentaire ? Apport des modèles animaux

“…Aux États-Unis, une diminution du poids de naissance en rapport avec l'augmentation de la concentration en PM2,5 est observée seulement chez les garçons dont les mères sont obèses, ces dernières représentant 34,5% de la cohorte étu-diée (Lakshmanan et al 2015). De plus, la concentration en NO 2 et autres oxydes d'azote est associée à une diminution du diamètre bipariétal de l'enfant, mais pas nécessairement à un RCIU (Ritz et al 2014 ;Bertin et al 2015). Une corré-lation négative entre la concentration en PM10 et le risque de petit poids de naissance est au contraire observée à Sao Paulo au Brésil : l'augmentation de l'exposition à la pollution serait contrebalancée par le profil socio-économique élevé des familles étudiées (Habermann & Gouveia, 2014).…”

Efeitos da exposição materna à poluição na biometria e hemodinâmica fetais

“…Este achado não tem paralelo na literatura, pois apenas dois estudos anteriores examinaram a associação entre O 3 e parâmetros de crescimento fetal, e ambos usaram estações fixas de monitoramento do ar, ao invés de monitoramento individual. Esses estudos não encontraram efeito consistente da exposição ao O 3 no crescimento do polo cefálico (28,32) . Contudo, sabe-se que os valores de poluentes medidos de forma individual são mais confiáveis que os medidos por meio de estações fixas (33,35) .…”

“…Ritz et al (32) (116)(117)(118)(119) . Outra vantagem dos APIs é que, além de medir os poluentes na mesma zona de respiração da gestante, é factível avaliar a exposição à poluição durante as atividades de transporte, trabalho e lazer e em ambientes fechados (35) .…”

“…No entanto, os resultados desses estudos foram divergentes (13)(14)(15)(16)(17)(18)(19)(20)(21) . Hansen et al (22) Poucos estudos investigaram a associação entre a poluição do ar e o crescimento fetal avaliado por ultrassonografia (27)(28)(29)(30)(31)(32) . Os seis estudos existentes, com exceção de um trabalho realizado na França (29) , avaliaram os poluentes do ar por meio de estações fixas de monitoramento, modelos de dispersão da poluição e modelos de "land use regression" ajustados ou não temporalmente.…”