Prenatal ethanol exposure induces an intrauterine programming of enhanced sensitivity of the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis in female offspring rats fed with post-weaning high-fat diet

Abstract

Our previous study demonstrated that prenatal ethanol exposure (PEE) enhances the sensitivity of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis in adult offspring rats. This study aims to investigate the underlying mechanism. PEE treated female offspring rats were fed with high-fat diet and subjected to the unpredictable chronic stresses (UCS) in adulthood. For adult offspring, the PEE group exhibited increased expression of hypothalamic corticotrophin-releasing hormone (CRH) and arginine vasopressin (AVP) as well as elevated gain rates of serum adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) and corticosterone after UCS. Meanwhile, PEE significantly decreased the expression of glutamic acid decarboxylase 65 (GAD65) andReelin (Reln), and the expression ratio of hypothalamic vesicular glutamate transporter 2 (VGluT2)/GAD65 was enhanced in the adult PEE offspring. These changes were also accompanied by the enhanced expression of glucocorticoid receptor (GR), N-methyl-D-aspartate-subtype glutamate receptor 2B and the decreased expression ratio of mineralocorticoid receptor (MR)/GR in the hippocampus. Furthermore, the abnormal hippocampus neurons were observed especially in the cornu ammonis 3 (CA3) and dentate gyrus subfields. For fetuses, PEE significantly decreased the expression of mammalian achaete-scute homolog-1 (Mash1) as well as GAD65 and Reln. Both VGluT2/GAD65 expression ratio and GR expression were increased while the MR/GR expression ratio was decreased in the PEE group. PEE also caused ultrastructural injury in CA3. Our findings suggest that PEE causes the persistent remodeling alterations of impaired morphology and decreased MR/GR expression ratio in the hippocampus, as well as the imbalanced glutamatergic/GABAergic afferent inputs in the hypothalamus. All of these would contribute to the enhanced sensitivity of the HPA axis in adult offspring. † Lu J and Wen YX contributed equally to this work.

Programming for increased expression of hippocampal GAD67 mediated the hypersensitivity of the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis in male offspring rats with prenatal ethanol exposure

“…Interestingly, the upregulation of hippocampal GAD67 was not observed in the PEE female offspring in the same experiment (Supplementary Fig. 1 ), suggesting that the mechanism for the enhanced potential excitatory ability of hypothalamus is gender-specific 32 .…”

“…Detailed protocols for total RNA extraction, reverse transcription and qRT-PCR were reported in our previous study 32 . The sequences and annealing conditions for the genes are listed in Table 1 .…”

Age-Characteristic Changes of Glucose Metabolism, Pancreatic Morphology and Function in Male Offspring Rats Induced by Prenatal Ethanol Exposure

“…Glucocorticoids could repress IGF1 expression in multiple types of organs and cells via GR activation (24, 25), and decreased IGF1 expression could further inhibit the expression of ISL1 (53), which is one of the most important transcription factors involved in the regulation of pancreatic development and insulin expression (54). In our previous researches, we have demonstrated that PEE could induce fetal over-exposure to maternal glucocorticoids in utero (26, 55, 56), which further increased the GR expression [e.g., hippocampus (56) and adrenals (26)] and decreased IGF1 expression [e.g., adrenals (26), and liver (28)] of multiple fetal organs, and thus resulted in their developmental programming alterations. In addition, in other IUGR models induced by prenatal exposure to xenobiotics [such caffeine (57), nicotine (58)], we have also found the fetal over-exposure to maternal glucocorticoids, and the alterations of GR expression in multiple fetal organs, accompanied with related developmental programming changes.…”