Prenatal exposure to dental amalgam and pregnancy outcome

Lygre, Gunvor Bentung; Haug, Kjell; Skjærven, Rolv; Björkman, Lars

doi:10.1111/cdoe.12233

Cited by 15 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 36 publications

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“…The results reported here corroborate previous studies that showed no association between birth weight or birth length and maternal seafood consumption [ 99 , 100 , 101 , 102 ] or the number of dental amalgams [ 87 , 103 ]. Two controlled clinical trials examining the health effects of amalgam conducted in children—the New England Children’s Amalgam Trial (NECAT) [ 104 ] and the Casa Pia study [ 105 ]—reported no evidence of adverse psychosocial outcomes from Hg exposure in children.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 92%

“…To this end, amalgam fillings have been the subject of an ongoing dispute for centuries, known as “amalgam wars”, due to concern of health effects of released Hg [ 1 , 4 , 5 , 13 , 76 , 77 , 78 , 79 , 80 , 81 , 82 ]. The number of amalgam fillings is associated with Hg concentrations in the adult brain and urine, and has a tendency to be associated with Hg in the fetal kidney (but not in the fetal brain), amniotic fluid, cord blood/serum, and/or placenta [ 29 , 32 , 63 , 83 , 84 , 85 , 86 ], though no associations have been found with fetal biometric measurements [ 77 , 78 , 87 ]. A recent Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC) study reported that women with four or more dental amalgams at the beginning of pregnancy had higher Hg blood levels [ 88 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Mercury Exposure Assessment in Mother–Infant Pairs from Continental and Coastal Croatia

et al. 2020

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The main source of mercury (Hg) exposure in the general population is fish. Another possible source is dental amalgam. Here, we compare the levels of Hg and selenium (Se) in samples of maternal and fetal origin collected shortly after childbirth of healthy postpartum women in the coastal (n = 96) and continental (n = 185) areas of Croatia related to maternal seafood/fish consumption. We also evaluated Hg concentrations and maternal serum metallothionein (MT2) concentrations in relation to the number of dental amalgam fillings, and MT2A-5A/G (rs28366003) polymorphism. The levels of Hg and Se in maternal hair and blood/serum, placenta and cord blood/serum increased in relation to increasing fish consumption with the highest values in subjects from the coast. The concentrations of each element and between elements correlated across the matrices. Increasing amalgam number correlated linearly with increased Hg levels in maternal and cord serum and was not associated with serum MT2. No association of MT2A-5A/G polymorphism and Hg or Se levels were found. The results confirmed higher fish consumption in coastal vs. continental Croatia and increases of both Hg and Se related to fish consumption in all analyzed samples. Increased blood Hg reflected the predominant MeHg share from seafood, while increased serum Hg matched exposure from dental amalgams.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 92%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mercury Exposure Assessment in Mother–Infant Pairs from Continental and Coastal Croatia

et al. 2020

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“…Adjustment for potential confounders changed the risk estimate slightly, but it was still statistically significant after adjustment. The results are consistent with those from analyses of the same cohort regarding stillbirth [25]. In the present study both stillbirths and deaths in the first week after birth were included.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 91%

“…An increased risk of miscarriage in dental personnel with moderate and high occupational exposure to amalgam was found in a Finnish study [23], and higher frequency than expected of spontaneous abortion and perinatal mortality was reported in a study of female dentists [24]. In a previous study of pregnancy outcomes related to dental amalgam exposure in the Norwegian Mother and Child Cohort Study (MoBa), the adjusted odds ratio (OR) for stillbirth was 1.38 (95%CI 0.80 to 2.39; p = 0.13) for mothers in the highest exposure group (9 or more teeth filled with dental amalgam) [25]. However, since the exposure variable was included as a categorical variable and not as a continuous variable, the power of the analysis was limited [26].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Perinatal death and exposure to dental amalgam fillings during pregnancy in the population-based MoBa cohort

et al. 2018

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ObjectivesThe aim was to gain knowledge regarding the risk of perinatal death related to exposure to dental amalgam fillings in the mother.DesignPopulation-based observational cohort study.SettingThe Norwegian Mother and Child Cohort Study, a Norwegian birth cohort of children born in 1999–2008 conducted by the Norwegian Institute of Public Health.Participants72,038 pregnant women with data on the number of teeth filled with dental amalgam.Main outcome measuresData on perinatal death (stillbirth ≥ 22 weeks plus early neonatal death 0–7 days after birth) were obtained from the Medical Birth Registry of Norway.ResultsThe absolute risk of perinatal death ranged from 0.20% in women with no amalgam-filled teeth to 0.67% in women with 13 or more teeth filled with amalgam. Analyses including the number of teeth filled with amalgam as a continuous variable indicated an increased risk of perinatal death by increasing number of teeth filled with dental amalgam (crude OR 1.065, 95% CI 1.034 to 1.098, p<0.001). After adjustment for potential confounders (mothers' age, education, body mass index, parity, smoking during pregnancy, alcohol consumption during pregnancy) included as categorical variables, there was still an increased risk for perinatal death associated with increasing number of teeth filled with amalgam (ORadj 1.041, 95% CI 1.008 to 1.076, p = 0.015). By an increased exposure from 0 to 16 teeth filled with amalgam, the model predicted an almost doubled odds ratio (ORadj 1.915, 95% CI 1.12 to 3.28). In groups with 1 to 12 teeth filled with amalgam the adjusted odds ratios were slightly, but not significantly, increased. The group with the highest exposure (participants with 13 or more teeth filled with amalgam) had an adjusted OR of 2.34 (95% CI 1.27 to 4.32; p = 0.007).ConclusionThe current findings suggest that the risk of perinatal death could increase in a dose-dependent way based on the mother’s number of teeth filled with dental amalgam. However, we cannot exclude that the relatively modest odds ratios could be a result of residual confounding. Additional studies on the relationship between exposure to dental amalgam fillings during pregnancy and perinatal death are warranted.

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“…Differently, in some regions of the world such as China, MeHg exposure via a rice-based diet is an increasing risk factor [29]. A pathway of concern for pregnant women is also represented by Hg vapors released from maternal dental amalgams, which may contain up to 50% of elemental Hg [41], and, particularly among women living in developing nations, by Hg vapors released during mining activity. During pregnancy, maternal exposure to Hg could produce damage on neurodevelopmental systems such as behavioral, cognitive patterns and motor skills, and on the immune and reproduction systems, noticeable later in life [7].…”

Section: Sources Of Exposurementioning

confidence: 99%

Mercury in Children: Current State on Exposure through Human Biomonitoring Studies

Ruggieri

Majorani

Domanico

et al. 2017

IJERPH

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Mercury (Hg) in children has multiple exposure sources and the toxicity of Hg compounds depends on exposure routes, dose, timing of exposure, and developmental stage (be it prenatal or postnatal). Over the last decades, Hg was widely recognized as a threat to the children’s health and there have been acknowledgements at the international level of the need of a global policy intervention—like the Minamata treaty—aimed at reducing or preventing Hg exposure and protecting the child health. National human biomonitoring (HBM) data has demonstrated that low levels of exposure of Hg are still an important health concern for children, which no one country can solve alone. Although independent HBM surveys have provided the basis for the achievements of exposure mitigation in specific contexts, a new paradigm for a coordinated global monitoring of children’s exposure, aimed at a reliable decision-making tool at global level is yet a great challenge for the next future. The objective of the present review is to describe current HBM studies on Hg exposure in children, taking into account the potential pathways of Hg exposure and the actual Hg exposure levels assessed by different biomarkers.

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Prenatal exposure to dental amalgam and pregnancy outcome

Abstract: We found no evidence for serious perinatal consequences of maternal exposure to amalgam fillings during pregnancy.

Cited by 15 publications

References 36 publications

Mercury Exposure Assessment in Mother–Infant Pairs from Continental and Coastal Croatia

Mercury Exposure Assessment in Mother–Infant Pairs from Continental and Coastal Croatia

Perinatal death and exposure to dental amalgam fillings during pregnancy in the population-based MoBa cohort

Mercury in Children: Current State on Exposure through Human Biomonitoring Studies

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