Prenatal Maternal Smoking and Increased Risk for Tourette Syndrome and Chronic Tic Disorders

Browne, Heidi A.; Modabbernia, Amirhossein; Buxbaum, Joseph D.; Hansen, Stefan N.; Schendel, Diana; Parner, Erik Thorlund; Reichenberg, Abraham; Grice, Dorothy E.

doi:10.1016/j.jaac.2016.06.010

Cited by 47 publications

(48 citation statements)

References 55 publications

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“…Indeed, it is fascinating to see that genes emerging from the first TS EWAS (7) and first postmortem brain RNA sequencing transcriptome study (8) both show peaks of expression in the striatum, a brain region suspected to play a key role in TS pathophysiology, in the early prenatal and perinatal periods, respectively (Figure 1). Considering the present findings by Browne et al (3), we may be seeing the first signs of convergence of environmental exposures, epigenetic changes, and transcriptomic alterations onto a critical developmental time period that is highly relevant for TS and chronic tic disorders. Further studies are required to confirm this, and to determine whether perinatal risk factors also influence the long-term course of TS and contribute to the persistence of severe tics into adulthood as opposed to their usual remission by early adulthood.…”

supporting

confidence: 56%

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The Origins of Tourette Syndrome: Prenatal Risk Factors and the Promise of Birth Cohort Studies

Leckman

Fernandez

2016

Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psych

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supporting

confidence: 56%

“…(3) assessed the role of perinatal maternal smoking as a risk factor for TS and other chronic tic disorders (TS/CT) using data from the Danish National Birth Cohort (DNBC) study. This study enrolled approximately 100,000 women early in pregnancy from 1996-2002.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

The Origins of Tourette Syndrome: Prenatal Risk Factors and the Promise of Birth Cohort Studies

Leckman

Fernandez

2016

Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psych

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“…Though non-genetic factors have been associated with increased TS risk (Browne et al, 2016; Leivonen et al, 2016), TS is primarily a genetic disorder. Family studies indicate that children of affected parents have a 60-fold higher risk of developing TS or chronic tics (CT), a closely related disorder, compared to the general population (Browne et al, 2015).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Rare Copy Number Variants in NRXN1 and CNTN6 Increase Risk for Tourette Syndrome

Huang

Davis

et al. 2017

Neuron

152

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SUMMARY Tourette syndrome (TS) is a model neuropsychiatric disorder thought to arise from abnormal development and/or maintenance of cortico-striato-thalamo-cortical circuits. TS is highly heritable, but its underlying genetic causes are still elusive, and no genome-wide significant loci have been discovered to date. We analyzed a European ancestry sample of 2,434 TS cases and 4,093 ancestry-matched controls for rare (<1% frequency) copy-number variants (CNVs) using SNP microarray data. We observed an enrichment of global CNV burden that was prominent for large (>1 Mb), singleton events (OR=2.28, 95%CI [1.39–3.79], p=1.2×10−3) and known, pathogenic CNVs (OR=3.03 [1.85–5.07], p=1.5×10−5). We also identified two individual, genome-wide significant loci, each conferring a substantial increase in TS risk (NRXN1 deletions, OR=20.3, 95%CI [2.6–156.2]; CNTN6 duplications, OR=10.1, 95% CI [2.3–45.4]). Approximately 1% of TS cases carry one of these CNVs, indicating that rare structural variation contributes significantly to the genetic architecture of TS.

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“…Epidemiological studies provide compelling evidence that perturbations in the prenatal and perinatal environments are associated with an increased risk of offspring developing neuropsychiatric disorders including ASD 71,[73][74][75][76][77][78][79][80] , schizophrenia 68,71,[81][82][83][84][85] , mood and affective disorders 71,[86][87][88][89][90][91][92] , OCD [93][94][95] , ADHD [96][97][98] , and TS [99][100][101][102] . These studies have identified a number of factors that can contribute to an individual's risk of developing one or more of these disorders.…”

Section: Stress Neuroinflammation Maternal Immune Activation and Tmentioning

confidence: 99%

What does immunology have to do with brain development and neuropsychiatric disorders?

Leckman¹,

Alvarenga²,

Ravagnani³

et al. 2019

Rev. Med. (São Paulo)

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Introduction: Neural development is an enormously complex and dynamic process. From very early in brain development ‘immune cells’ play a key role in a number of processes including the formation and refinement of neural circuits, as well as sexual differentiation. There is a growing body of evidence that the immune system also plays an important role in the pathobiology of several neurodevelopmental and neuropsychiatric disorders. Objective: The goal of this article is to review the currently available data concerning the role of the ‘immune system’ in normal brain development, as well as its role in the pathobiology of neurodevelopmental and neuropsychiatric disorders. Methodology: We conducted a traditional literature search using PubMed and recent special issues of journals to locate relevant review articles. Results: The cellular and molecular processes that make up our ‘immune system’ are crucial to normal brain development and the formation and maintenance of neural circuits. It is also increasingly evident that the immune system and neuroinflammation play important roles in the pathobiology of at least a subset of individuals with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD), schizophrenia, obsessive-compulsive disorder, Tourette syndrome and mood disorders, such as depression, as well as autoimmune and neurodegenerative disorders. Emerging evidence also points to the importance of the ‘gut-brain axis’ and an individual’s microbiome, which can impact an individual’s somatic and mental well-being. Conclusions: There are multidirectional interconnections across multiple biological systems in our brains and bodies that are mediated in part by the immune system. At present, however, the ‘promise’ of this field remains greater than the ‘deliverables.’ Time will tell whether novel interventions will be developed that will make a positive difference in the care of our patients. It is also possible that valid biomarkers will emerge that will guide a more personalized approach to treatment.

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Prenatal Maternal Smoking and Increased Risk for Tourette Syndrome and Chronic Tic Disorders

Cited by 47 publications

References 55 publications

The Origins of Tourette Syndrome: Prenatal Risk Factors and the Promise of Birth Cohort Studies

The Origins of Tourette Syndrome: Prenatal Risk Factors and the Promise of Birth Cohort Studies

Rare Copy Number Variants in NRXN1 and CNTN6 Increase Risk for Tourette Syndrome

What does immunology have to do with brain development and neuropsychiatric disorders?

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