Organic fluorescent polymers have unique characteristics of fluorescent signal amplification and good optical properties, and can detect specific analytical species. Their sensing performance can be further improved through reasonable modification of their side chains. Nowadays, the organic fluorescent polymers are mainly prepared by metal coupling reactions, and there are also some syntheses involving in addition polymerization and condensation reactions. Taking the fluorescent source of these polymers as the main line, the research progress of the fluorescent organic polymers in the sensor field in recent years is systematically reviewed from the perspective of the type of reaction, especially their design and synthesis, sensing application, detection mechanism are summarized. In the future, it is still to be further investigated to design and synthesize novel multifunctional organic polymer fluorescence sensors as the key development direction.