Preparation and characterization of a quaternized chitosan

Antimicrobial application of nanofibrous mats self-assembled with quaternized chitosan and soy protein isolate

“…The pH value of the solution was adjusted to 5.0 (Huang et al, 2012a;Ruihua, Bingchao, Zheng, & Wang, 2012). The pH value of negatively charged SPI solution (1 mg/mL) was adjusted to 6.0 (Malhotra & Coupland, 2004;Tan, Ying-Yuan, & Gan, 2014).…”

Using full‐factorial design analysis and response surface methodology to better understand the production of cationized chitosan from epoxides

“…But the reactions of alkyl halides or dialkyl sulfates with chitosan are non‐regioselective, such that the derivative chitosan produced does not have a definite structure depending upon pH, which is a great disadvantage for the application of such derivatives. In contrast, the reaction between chitosan and quaternary epoxides is promising, because it has high regioselectivity when performed in acidic media and enables the production of derivatives of chitosan with different hydrophilic/hydrophobic properties by the use of epoxide quaternary groups with different alkyl chains (from one C atom to 12 or 14, etc.) .…”

“…N ‐(2‐Hydroxy)propyl‐3‐trimethylammoniumchitosan chloride (ChCat), a cationic chitosan derivative, i.e. having permanent positive charges (ammonium groups) throughout its polymer chain, is prepared by reaction of chitosan with glycidyltrimethylammonium chloride (GTMAC), and exhibits good solubility in water, antibacterial activity, mucoadhesiveness and increased permeability due to hydration and strong steric hindrance of the quaternary amino groups . Initially, the synthesis of ChCat was carried out generally via heterogeneous reactions between chitosan and GTMAC in water, alcohol or alkaline alcohol .…”

“…Initially, the synthesis of ChCat was carried out generally via heterogeneous reactions between chitosan and GTMAC in water, alcohol or alkaline alcohol . These conditions can lead to side reactions such as those that result in the degradation of chitosan chloride and formation of 2,3‐dihydroxypropyltrimethylammonium . Thus, procedures in an acid medium have been proposed, resulting in derivatives with a high degree of substitution and regioselectivity .…”

“…These conditions can lead to side reactions such as those that result in the degradation of chitosan chloride and formation of 2,3‐dihydroxypropyltrimethylammonium . Thus, procedures in an acid medium have been proposed, resulting in derivatives with a high degree of substitution and regioselectivity . The methodology commonly used for the production of ChCat required relatively high temperature (60–85 °C) and long time (4–10 h) .…”