Preparation and Evaluation of Ketoprofen Nanosuspension Using Solvent Evaporation Technique

Abstract


 
 The effective surface area of drug particle is increased by a reduction in the particle size. Since dissolution takes place at the surface of the solute, the larger the surface area, the further rapid is the rate of drug dissolution. Ketoprofen is class II type drug according to (Biopharmaceutics Classification System BCS) with low solubility and high permeability. The aim of this investigation was to increase the solubility and hence the dissolution rate by the preparation of ketoprofen nanosuspension using solvent evaporation method. Materials like PVP K30, poloxamer 188, HPMC E5, HPMC E15, HPMC E50, Tween 80 were used as stabilizers in perpetration of different formulas of Ketoprofen nanosuspensions. These formulas were evaluated for particle size, entrapment efficiency of drug (EE), effect of stabilizer type, effect of stabilizer concentration and in-vitro dissolution studies. All of the prepared Ketoprofen nanosuspensions formulas showed a particle size result within Nano range. The average particle size of Ketoprofen nanosuspensions formulas was observed from 9.4 nm to 997 nm. Entrapment efficiency was ranged from 79.23% to 95.41 %. The in vitro dissolution studies showed a significant (p<0.01) enhancement in dissolution rate of nanosuspension formulas compared to pure drug (drug alone) and physical mixture (drug and stabilizer). The results indicate the suitability of solvent evaporation method for Ketoprofen with improved in vitro dissolution rate and thus perhaps enhance fast onset of action for drug.

Preparation and Ex-Vivo Evaluation of Stabilized Cefdinir Nanosuspension

“…Polydispersity index analysis: Polydispersity index values determine particle size uniformity, with the lowest value indicating the best uniformity. Polydispersity index is a parameter used to determine the particle size distribution obtained from the particle size analyzer 17 . The range of PDI values (0 -0.05) indicates a monodisperse system, (0.05 -0.08) indicates a nearly monodisperse system, (0.08 -0.7) indicates a mid-range polydisperse system, and > 0.7 indicates a polydisperse system (very polydisperse) 17 .…”

“…Polydispersity index is a parameter used to determine the particle size distribution obtained from the particle size analyzer 17 . The range of PDI values (0 -0.05) indicates a monodisperse system, (0.05 -0.08) indicates a nearly monodisperse system, (0.08 -0.7) indicates a mid-range polydisperse system, and > 0.7 indicates a polydisperse system (very polydisperse) 17 . In this research, polydispersity index was found ranging from 0.1226±0.2 for F2 to 0.4487±0.2 for F5, as shown in table (3).…”

Physical stability and dissolution of ketoprofen nanosuspension formulation: Polyvinylpyrrolidone and Tween 80 as stabilizers

“…The solutions were filtered through a membrane filter (0.45 µm), and the dissolved ketoprofen in each flask was measured spectrophotometrically at a wavelength of 260 nm. Each sample was analyzed in triplicate (Wais et al 2017).…”

“…The obtained ketoprofen solution was then dripped through a plastic syringe positioned with a needle directly into the PVP solution and Tween 80 which was later added up with distilled water to obtain a final mixture of 20 ml in each formula as shown in Table 1. Next, the temperature of each mixture was maintained at 40 °C and then stirred at 650 revolutions per minute (rpm) on a magnetic stirrer for about one hour to allow the ethanol to evaporate (Wais et al 2017).…”

“…Another study also indicated that ketoprofen nanosuspension could be manufactured utilizing a solvent evaporation technique with few polymers as stabilizers (PVP, HPMC, poloxamer) and surfactant (Tween 80). These stabilizers could increase the dissolution rate of ketoprofen (Wais et al 2017). Additionally, a study argued that to enhance the solubility of ketoprofen by using Den-aDM100 consisting of a soft polymeric fast rotating conical rotor sitting within a conical polymeric sleeve produced nanoparticles with a size of below 200 nm (Khan et al 2019).…”